Excerpt from source:

Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for schools
Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 N 189 Moscow “On approval of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of education in educational institutions”.

Published March 16, 2011
Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 3, 2011.
Registration N 19993


VII. Requirements for natural and artificial lighting

7.1. Daylight.

7.1.1. All classrooms must have natural light in accordance with hygiene requirements to natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.2. Without natural light it is allowed to design: shell, washrooms, showers, toilets at the gym; showers and toilets for staff; storerooms and warehouses, radio nodes; film and photo laboratories; book depositories; boiler, pump water supply and sewerage; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for installation and control of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; storage facilities for disinfectants.
7.1.3. In classrooms, side natural left-hand lighting should be designed. If the depth of the classrooms is more than 6 m, it is necessary to have a right-hand lighting device, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the floor. The direction of the main light flux in front and behind the students is not allowed.
7.1.4. In workshops for labor training, assembly and sports halls, two-sided lateral natural lighting can be used.
7.1.5. indoors educational institutions normalized values ​​of the coefficient of natural illumination (KEO) are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.6. In classrooms with one-sided lateral natural lighting KEO on working surface desks at the point of the room furthest from the windows should be at least 1.5%. With two-sided lateral natural lighting, the KEO indicator is calculated on the middle rows and should be 1.5%.
The luminous coefficient (SC - the ratio of the glazed surface area to the floor area) must be at least 1:6.
7.1.7. The windows of the classrooms should be oriented to the south, southeast and east sides horizon. On northern sides The horizon can be oriented to the windows of drawing rooms, drawing rooms, as well as the kitchen room. The orientation of the informatics classrooms is to the north, northeast.
7.1.8. The light openings of the classrooms, depending on the climatic zone, are equipped with adjustable sun protection devices (lifting-turn blinds, fabric curtains) with a length not lower than the level of the window sill.
It is recommended to use curtains made of light-colored fabrics that have a sufficient degree of light transmission, good light-scattering properties, which should not reduce the level of natural light. The use of curtains (curtains), including curtains with lambrequins, made of PVC film and other curtains or devices that limit natural light is not allowed. In the non-working state, the curtains must be placed in the piers between the windows.
7.1.9. For rational use daylight and uniform lighting of classrooms should:
- do not paint over window panes;
- do not place flowers on the windowsills, they are placed in portable flower beds 65 - 70 cm high from the floor or hanging planters in the piers between the windows;
- cleaning and washing of glasses should be carried out as they get dirty, but at least 2 times a year (in autumn and spring).
The duration of insolation in classrooms and classrooms should be continuous, in duration not less than:
- 2.5 hours in the northern zone (to the north of 58 degrees north latitude);
- 2.0 hours in the central zone (58 - 48 degrees north latitude);
- 1.5 hours in the southern zone (south of 48 degrees north latitude).
The absence of insolation is allowed in the classrooms of computer science, physics, chemistry, drawing and drafting, sports and fitness rooms, catering facilities, assembly hall, administrative and utility rooms.

7.2. artificial lighting

7.2.1. In all premises of a general educational institution, levels of artificial illumination are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.2.2. In the classrooms, a general lighting system is provided ceiling lights. Fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps according to the color emission spectrum: white, warm white, natural white. Luminaires used for artificial lighting of classrooms should provide a favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view, which is limited by the discomfort index (Mt). The indicator of discomfort of the lighting installation of general lighting for any workplace in the class should not exceed 40 units.
7.2.3. Should not be used in the same room fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps for general lighting.
7.2.4. In classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, illumination levels must comply with the following standards: on desktops - 300 - 500 lux, in technical drawing and drawing rooms - 500 lux, in computer science classrooms on tables - 300 - 500 lux, on a blackboard - 300 - 500 lux, in assembly and sports halls (on the floor) - 200 lux, in recreations (on the floor) - 150 lux. Using computer technology and the need to combine the perception of information from the screen and keeping records in a notebook, the illumination on the tables of students should be at least 300 lux.
7.2.5. In classrooms, a general lighting system should be used. Luminaires with fluorescent lamps are located parallel to the light-bearing wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner one.
7.2.6. A blackboard that does not have its own glow is equipped with local lighting - spotlights designed to illuminate blackboards. It is recommended to place the luminaires 0.3 m above the top edge of the board and 0.6 m towards the classroom in front of the board.
7.2.7. When designing an artificial lighting system for classrooms, it is necessary to provide for separate switching on of lighting lines.
7.2.8. For the rational use of artificial light and uniform illumination of classrooms, it is necessary to use Decoration Materials and paints that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients: for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.9; for walls - 0.5 - 0.7; for the floor - 0.4 - 0.5; for furniture and desks - 0.45; for blackboards - 0.1 - 0.2. It is recommended to use the following paint colors: for ceilings - white, for walls of classrooms - light colors of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue; for furniture (cabinets, desks) - color natural wood or light green; for chalkboards - dark green, dark brown; for doors, window frames - white.
7.2.9. It is necessary to clean the lighting fittings of luminaires as they get dirty, but at least 2 times a year and replace burned-out lamps in a timely manner.
7.2.10. Faulty, burned-out fluorescent lamps are collected in a container in a specially designated room and sent for recycling in accordance with applicable regulations.

We have already discussed how sanitary standards Now let's move on to the next educational level. School years miraculous ones also pass under the vigilant control of sanitary doctors: the educational process, the arrangement of classes, canteens and gyms, lighting and cleaning procedures - everything is analyzed in the most detailed way inSanPiNe . We choose the most important and interesting from the rules and figure out what the school should be like from the point of view of an official document.

Place

Sanitary and epidemiological requirements are extremely demanding on the place of construction. A number of them are objective and understandable: schools cannot be built on highways, in railway and subway zones. The document specifies (just in case) that the MOU building should not be located and the landing of air transport. But besides this, and, I think, to the surprise of the inhabitants of the sleeping areas, there is an indication that the school cannot be located near garages and parking lots.

Scrupulously, the compilers of SanPiN approached the calculation of remoteness and pedestrian affordability. Simply put, when designing a school, you need to take into account how long it will take the child to get to it. So, in the Moscow region, the remoteness of the school from residential areas must not exceed 500 meters. The norm for rural areas reaches 2 to 3 kilometers. If this rule is not observed, the administration should organize transport service to the educational institution and back. But the travel time should not exceed 30 minutes one way. If this indicator is also exceeded, it is recommended to equip a boarding school with sleeping places at the school and not torment the children on a long journey.


Photo: Peretz Partensky

room

It rarely occurs to any of the parents or students to measure the room of the classroom. After all, a class is not a group in kindergarten, rarely suffers from overflow. In the opinion of the layman, everything is in order with the size of the room, if three or four people do not sit at their desks (by the way, the number of students in the class is strictly regulated - no more than 25 people). But the sanitary standards for the footage are strict. The class size should be at least 2.5 m 2 per 1 student with frontal forms of classes (these are those in which the teacher explains the lesson at the blackboard, and students have the opportunity to sit and listen) and at least 3.5 m 2 per 1 student with organization of group forms of work and individual lessons(where there is a need to move, rearrange tables, conduct team training). By the way, the area of ​​classrooms is taken without taking into account the placement of additional furniture: cabinets, bedside tables and shelving. So if you multiply the number of students in your child's class by 2.5, you will roughly understand how attentive to SanPiN is in your school.

It is also interesting that classes for first-graders are recommended to be placed no higher than the second floor, and for students in grades 2-4 - no higher than the third. At the top of the educational Olympus are high school students.


Photo: DENker

Light

In classrooms, side natural left-sided lighting should be designed so that, first of all, everything in notebooks can be seen by right-handed people, but left-handed people are somewhat discriminated against by sanitary doctors. But if the width of the class is more than six meters, you need to highlight it also on the right. In SanPiN, the concept of "light coefficient" is used. It indicates the ratio of the glazed area to the floor area and must be at least 1:6.

Hygiene

School toilets are a delicate, unpleasant topic, but necessary and deserving of special attention, if only because in SanPiN it has a somewhat fantastic bias. Imagine a typical school bathroom. Represented? Now read the following: “The number of sanitary appliances is determined from the calculation: 1 toilet for 20 girls, 1 washbasin for 30 girls; 1 toilet, 1 urinal and 1 washbasin for 30 boys.” How many latrines did your school have? A little less, right? And another point-revelation: “Pedal buckets, holders for toilet paper are installed in the sanitary facilities; an electric towel or a paper towel holder is placed next to the washbasins. Wash basins should be provided with soap and towels. Soap! And a towel! But wait, there is something stronger. For students of the II and III levels (from grades 5 to 11), the latrines are equipped with "personal hygiene rooms with a bidet or a tray with a flexible hose, a toilet bowl and a washbasin with cold and hot water supply." For many readers of the document, memories of toilets without toilets, with flowing drains and, what to hide, without doors in the cubicles, may turn out to be too bitter.

The duration of continuous work at the desk for students of the first stage of education ( Primary School) should not exceed 7-10 minutes, and for students of the II-III stage of education (middle and senior) - 15 minutes. How is this possible with an average lesson of 40-45 minutes? We will talk about this a little lower.

The answer to the question "how to sit" is important, as is the question "what to sit for." SanPiN insists: children with hearing impairments should sit in the front row, with visual impairments - on the desks closest to the blackboard. But children who often suffer from acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis, colds, should be seated further from the outer wall. It makes sense to think about this if a short-sighted loser settled in "Kamchatka", and an eternally ill schoolboy was planted by the window.

By the way, constantly transferring students is the direct responsibility of teachers. According to the norms, schoolchildren should change their place at least twice during the school year, especially for children sitting on the outer rows, 1st and 3rd rows (with a three-row arrangement of desks). Such a shuffle is determined by the norms of labor hygiene and is necessary for the normal vision of students.

Teaching a child to sit at a desk correctly is also the task of a teacher. SanPin says: “the teacher explains to students how to hold their head, shoulders, hands, and emphasizes that you can’t lean your chest on the edge of the desk (table).” In the appendix to the document, a recommended set of eye gymnastics exercises or a set of exercises for physical education minutes is given so that sitting at a desk does not cause poor posture and myopia. Well, the teacher should at least try to avoid it. Actually, fascinating lessons on the topic of the valence of chemical elements and "Eugene Onegin" as an encyclopedia of Russian life should be interrupted for this.


Photo: A.Savin

Board

“On the board is the topic of the lesson”, “Look carefully at the board” and the crown “He will go to the board ...” are fatal, irreplaceable phrases of teachers of all generations. Without a blackboard, a class is not a class. There are also requirements for how and where to locate it, which are very thoroughly spelled out in SanPiN. So we quote:

  • "From the first desk to the blackboard - at least 240 centimeters."
  • "The greatest distance of the last place of the student from the training board is 860 centimeters."
  • "The height of the lower edge of the training board above the floor is 70-90 centimeters."
  • “The distance from the blackboard to the first row of tables in square or transverse cabinets with a four-row arrangement of furniture is at least 300 centimeters.”
  • “The angle of visibility of the board from the edge of the board 3.0 m long to the middle of the extreme place of the student at the front table must be at least 35 degrees for students of the II-III levels of education and at least 45 degrees for students of the I level of education.”

In general, hanging a blackboard correctly in a classroom is terrible. fascinating story for the teaching staff, and if someone did succeed, you must not forget to highlight the board without fail - in order to comply with the norms and preserve the vision of the future of the country.


Photo: Taken

Heating

Someone may not know, but the heating in the school can only be gas: neither steam boilers nor stoves with wood are allowed (this is also just in case). Like those that some teachers who freeze in the offseason sin. In general, SanPiN recommends heating the school in the following way: warm up gyms to 17-20°C, classrooms to 18-24°C. Humidity should be kept at around 40-60%. The fact that viruses and bacteria multiply at lightning speed in such a humid and hot atmosphere has long been emotionally screamed by TV doctor Yevgeny Komarovsky, but the developers of the norms do not really listen to his opinion.

Process

A lot of interesting things in the document are devoted to the most important thing - life within the walls of the MOU. First, the optimal age for starting school is not earlier than 7 years. Admission of children of the 7th year of life is carried out when they reach by September 1 school year age at least 6 years 6 months. Secondly, lessons should not start earlier than 8 am, it is forbidden to conduct "zero" lessons. Thirdly, as mentioned above, there should be no more than 25 people in the class.

The norms for the number of lessons are also indicated: in the first grade - 4 lessons per day and one day per week - no more than five lessons at the expense of a physical education lesson; in grades 2-4 - no more than five lessons and six lessons once a week at the expense of a physical education lesson; in secondary school - no more than six lessons; and in the eldest - no more than seven.


Photo: Mor

To make the week easy, but productive, or rather, "to prevent overwork and maintain an optimal level of performance during the week," students should have a lighter school day on Thursday or Friday.

Particularly much attention in the document is given to first-graders. Especially for them - only the first shift, a forty-minute "dynamic pause" in the middle of the school day, a non-judgmental system, an additional weekly vacation in the middle of the third quarter and more daytime sleep, walks and three meals a day for visitors to the extended day group.

Not by the rules

Let's say you read SanPiN and realized that everything is not as it should be at your child's school. What to do? Who to contact and where to complain? As in the kindergarten scheme, there are several ways to solve the problem:

  • Send a complaint to Rospotrebnadzor. This should be done if you notice gross violations of sanitary and epidemiological requirements. The appeal can be sent online on the official website of the organization.
  • Submit a complaint to the Ministry of Education. This can also be done online.
  • Send a complaint to the prosecutor's office - such a decisive step should be resorted to in the most extreme cases, among which may be: violations of labor legislation, violation of the diet, educational and educational activities of children, monetary extortion or accidents due to the negligence of employees.
  • Talk to the caretaker or director. Perhaps the violations you noticed are a pure accident and a flaw in the employees? Before starting visits to higher authorities, you need to record your dissatisfaction with the school management. The problem will probably be solved faster than you can imagine.

Maria Solovyova

2.6.1. Daylight. The classrooms must have natural light. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design: shell, washrooms, showers, latrines at the gym; showers and restrooms for staff; storerooms and storage rooms (except for rooms for storing flammable liquids), radio centers; film and photo laboratories; book depositories; boiler, pump water supply and sewerage; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for installation and control of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; facilities for storage of disinfectants.

In classrooms, lateral left-hand lighting should be designed. With two-sided lighting, which is designed with a depth of more than 6 m in classrooms, a right-sided lighting device is required, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the ceiling. At the same time, the direction of the main light flux in front and behind the students should not be allowed.

In workshops for labor training, assembly and sports halls, two-sided lateral natural lighting and combined (top and side) can also be used. In the premises of educational institutions, normalized values ​​​​of the coefficient of natural light (KEO) are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural and artificial lighting.

In classrooms with one-sided lateral natural lighting, KEO should be 1.5% (at a distance of 1 m from the wall opposite to the light openings). The unevenness of natural lighting in rooms intended for students' classes should not exceed 3:1. The orientation of the windows of classrooms should be on the southern, southeastern and eastern sides of the horizon. The windows of the drafting and drawing rooms, as well as the kitchen room, can be oriented to the northern sides of the horizon, the orientation of the computer science cabinet is to the north, northeast.

The light openings of the classrooms are equipped with: adjustable sun-protection devices such as blinds, fabric curtains in light colors that match the color of the walls and furniture. Curtains made of PVC film are not used. In the non-working state, the curtains must be placed in the piers between the windows. For the decoration of classrooms, finishing materials and paints are used that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients: for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.8; for walls - 0.5 - 0.6; for the floor - 0.3 - 0.5.

The following paint colors should be used:

  • for the walls of classrooms - light colors of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue;
  • for furniture (desks, tables, cabinets) - natural wood colors or light green;
  • for chalkboards - dark green, dark brown;
  • for doors, window frames - white.

To maximize the use of daylight and uniform illumination of classrooms, you should:

  • plant trees no closer than 15 m, shrubs - no closer than 5 m from the building;
  • do not paint over window panes;
  • do not place flowers on the windowsills. They are placed in portable flower beds 65-70 cm high from the floor or hanging planters in the window piers;
  • Cleaning and washing of glasses should be carried out 2 times a year (in autumn and spring).

2.6.2. artificial lighting. In the classrooms, standardized levels of illumination and indicators of the quality of illumination (discomfort index and pulsation coefficient of illumination) are provided in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural and artificial lighting. In the classrooms, predominantly fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps: LB, LHB, LEC. The use of incandescent lamps is allowed (in this case, the illumination standards are reduced by 2 steps of the illumination scale). Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should not be used in the same room. The use of new types of lamps and fixtures is coordinated with the territorial centers of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision.

In classrooms, a general lighting system should be used. Luminaires with fluorescent lamps are located parallel to the light-bearing wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner one. For general lighting of classrooms and training and production workshops, fluorescent lamps of the following types should be used: LS002-2x40, LP028-2x40, LP0022x40, LP034-4x36, TsSP-5-2x40. Other luminaires of the type given with similar lighting characteristics and design can also be used. The blackboard is equipped with spotlights and illuminated by two mirror lamps of the LPO-30-40-122 (125) type installed parallel to it. These lamps are placed 0.3 m above the top edge of the board and 0.6 m towards the classroom in front of the board.

When designing an artificial lighting system for classrooms, it is necessary to provide for separate switching on of lighting lines. In classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, illumination levels must comply with the following standards: on desktops - 300 lux, on a blackboard - 500 lux, in technical drawing and drawing rooms - 500 lux, in computer science classrooms on tables - 300 - 500 lux, in assembly and sports halls (on the floor) - 200 lux, in recreations (on the floor) - 150 lux. When using TCO and the need to combine the perception of information from the screen and keeping records in a notebook, the illumination on the students' tables should be 300 lux.

When using slide and film projectors, the illumination on the tables of students should be 500 lux. In this case, either only one local lighting should be used, or a system of "functional" artificial lighting should be created with a "dark corridor" in front of the screen.

It is necessary to clean the lighting fittings of luminaires at least 2 times a year and replace burned-out lamps in a timely manner. Students should not be involved in this work. Faulty, burnt-out fluorescent lamps are collected and removed from the building of the educational institution. In order to prevent the occurrence of mass non-communicable diseases (poisoning), their storage in unsuitable premises of educational institutions is prohibited (Article 29, clause 1 of the Federal Law "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ).

Preventive ultraviolet irradiation of children should be carried out in areas north of 57.5 degrees north latitude. and in polluted areas. To do this, it is recommended to use long-term or short-term irradiation installations (photoria) in accordance with the recommendations for preventive ultraviolet irradiation of people using sources of ultraviolet radiation.

Document



Discussion

A very free arrangement of SanPiN and SNiP, which can be misleading, and in some places lead to gross errors: the height of the right-hand illumination in the offices is more than 6 m deep - 2.2 m from the floor, and not from the ceiling. There is not a word in the article about the duration of insolation in the cabinets, there is no list of cabinets in which insolation is not standardized, because the orientation of the cabinets is not yet a guarantee of insolation

03/25/2015 09:47:30, Alina Cheboksary

Comment on the article "Lighting requirements"

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Not even a month had passed since the Muscovites began bombarding all authorities with tons of letters demanding to comply with the law and not to remove leaves from the lawns, when the head of the environmental management department realized that the Muscovites were probably right: the law must be observed, the leaves on the lawns must leave. True, in many parks and squares, contractors have already managed to clear the ground of leaves, and it is not known how the trees will survive the winter and what they will eat in the spring - but this is not the main thing, the main thing is to write ...

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However, the lack of uniform requirements for it in federal legislation and the optional wearing of it hinder the effective solution of problems ...

Discussion

This is a bill.

1.1 Registration in UDIO
24.04.2013 10:42
registered and sent to the Chairman of the State Duma
1.2 Referral to the relevant committee
25.04.2013 16:10
sent to the State Duma Committee on Education
0.2 Registration of letters
25.04.2013
addition of the composition of the initiators of the bill (I.Yu.Drozdov)

Even in the first reading, it has not yet been considered

EXPLANATORY NOTE
to the draft federal law
“On Amendments to Article 63 of the Federal Law
"On education in Russian Federation»

The draft federal law was developed in order to establish a mandatory form of clothing for students of general education organizations.
Until 1992, the introduction of a school uniform was regulated by the Charter of a secondary school, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 09/08/1970 No. 749.
In accordance with paragraph 23 of the said resolution, the form of clothing approved by the Council of Ministers of the Union Republic was established for students of general education schools.
The negative attitude towards the ideologization of the Soviet school and the limited opportunities for children's initiative in the early 1990s was one of the reasons for the rejection of the school uniform of a single sample.
Now the trend is just the opposite: the majority of Russian citizens have a positive attitude towards the re-introduction of school uniforms.
In 2012, VTsIOM published the results of an all-Russian public opinion poll on this issue.
77% of respondents believe that uniforms should be introduced in schools. Opponents of such a decision are only 8% of the respondents.
The advantages of school uniforms include smoothing out visible signs of social inequality among children and adolescents, strengthening discipline and increasing students' motivation for learning, building a sense of belonging to the school and cohesion with the class, unconditional health safety.
At present, the issue of introducing a school uniform can be decided at the level of each individual educational institution.
According to clause 18 of part 3 of article 28 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", the competence educational organization in the established field of activity include the establishment of requirements for the clothes of students, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law or the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
According to the position of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, set out in letter No. 22-06-1203 of November 14, 2000 “On the introduction of school uniforms for students”, the final decision can be made by agreement of all parents of students or the majority, but subject to the identification of sources of additional funding for students from low-income families and making appropriate additions or changes to the charter of the school.
The letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated March 28, 2013 No. DL-65/08 “On establishing requirements for students' clothing” contains recommendations on choosing the general appearance, color, and style of a school uniform.
However, the lack of uniform requirements for it in federal legislation and the optionality of wearing it hinder the effective solution of problems associated with the free style of clothing for schoolchildren.
At the moment, there are two main approaches to solving this issue: to assign the authority to introduce school uniforms to the federal state authorities or to the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
It seems that the establishment of the right of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to independently determine the description of students' uniforms can lead to conflict situations similar to the conflict that occurred between the parents of several students and the director high school in the village of Kara-Tyube, Neftekumsky district, Stavropol Territory.
Since the Russian Federation is not only a multi-confessional, but also a multinational state, the cause of disagreement may no longer be hijabs, but national elements of school uniforms, the decision to establish which, it is possible, will be taken by state authorities in many regions of Russia.
Meanwhile, it was the situation in the village of Kara-Tyube that provoked a new wave of discussions in society on the issue of legislative regulation of the issue of the admissibility of wearing certain elements of clothing by students of educational institutions.
Therefore, all necessary measures should be taken to avoid the emergence of such conflicts on interethnic grounds.
Another argument for establishing a description of the uniform at the federal level is the prevention of additional costs for the families of students due to their moving to a permanent place of residence in another subject of the Russian Federation. Since the description of the uniform, in accordance with the version used in the USSR, can vary greatly in different regions, such parents will need to purchase a school uniform of a different design.
The relative majority of Russian citizens are also in favor of legal regulation of this issue at the federal level.
The results of the aforementioned VTsIOM sociological survey indicate that 54% of respondents believe that a state decision should be made to introduce school uniforms in all schools in Russia. 8% of respondents attributed the adoption of such a decision to the prerogative of the director of a general education institution, and 14% - to the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Thus, only a combined approach, expressed in the legislative consolidation of the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation to approve the description and rules for wearing the uniform of students of general educational organizations, will ensure the realization of all the benefits and prevent possible problems associated with making such a decision.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the climate in different parts of Russia, it is necessary to develop several acceptable samples, from which the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation will be able to choose the appropriate version of the uniform for students in their region.

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The requirements for adoptive parents in terms of living conditions are established by clause 1, article 127 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, which was amended by Federal Law No. 183.

Discussion

REFERENCE MATERIALS

"SCHOOL OF FOSTER PARENTS" ©

Standards and decoding of the requirements for adoptive parents and partially for guardians, educators of foster families, foster caregivers.

Part 2. Housing and household standards and requirements.

(to Articles 127, 146, 153 of the Family Code)

This part underwent significant changes at the beginning of 2005 due to the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 28, 2004 No. 185 and the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation from March 1, 2005.

The requirements for adoptive parents in terms of living conditions are established by clause 1, article 127 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, which was amended by Federal Law No. 183. If earlier paragraph 8 of Article 127 of the RF IC, the paragraph forbade the adoption of those persons who did not have a permanent place of residence, and at the same time living quarters that meet the established sanitary and technical requirements, then now this paragraph is divided into two and reads as follows: “adoptive parents can be adults of both sexes, with the exception of: ...

Persons who do not have a permanent place of residence,

Persons living in residential premises that do not meet sanitary and technical rules and norms…”

On March 1, 2005, instead of the previously existing Housing Code of the RSFSR, Federal Law No. 189-FZ introduced a new Housing Code of the Russian Federation (LC RF). This code is significantly different from the previous one. It does not contain articles similar to articles: 40 ZhK RSFSR, which established General requirements on the improvement of housing, and Article 41, which prohibited the occupation of one room by persons of different sexes older than nine years, except for spouses. As a result, the previous requirements no longer apply.

The new code also does not contain general concept“norm of living space” and establishes instead of it in paragraph 1 of Article 50 only the “norm for the provision of living space” and only in the case of social hiring. The establishment of the amount of the norm of provision by paragraph 2 of the same article is assigned to the jurisdiction of local self-government bodies.

Thus, there are no federal restrictions on the size and quality of housing for adoptive parents, and guardianship authorities are required to be guided by the norms of local legislation. Regions have the right to set their own rules. In the absence of such norms, the court, taking into account the recommendations of the guardianship authorities, has the right to independently decide whether the condition of the applicants' housing complies with the sanitary and technical requirements for adoption.

Which means that now it is enough for the future adoptive parent to have a permanent registration anywhere and a place to live that meets sanitary standards. Such a system legalizes the practice of guardianship and guardianship authorities issuing positive conclusions to adoptive parents who do not have enough housing for adoption at the place of permanent registration, but there is an opportunity for long-term rental housing or living with relatives.

In cases where, according to regional standards, the size of the housing is insufficient for a family or there are deviations from sanitary requirements, Federal Law No. 185 of December 24, 2004 granted the court the right, based on the interests of the child living in the family, to decide on adoption.

It should be taken into account that in individual cases it may be necessary to provide the child with a separate room, regardless of the availability of the required footage. Such requirements arise when adopting, establishing guardianship or creating a foster family:

disabled child,

HIV infected child.

The calculation of the per capita footage is carried out by dividing the footage belonging to the adoptive family by the number of people registered on this area, including the unborn child.

Checking living conditions is carried out on formal grounds and actual condition.

To clarify the formal data, the adoptive parents provide:

Extract from the house book

A copy of the financial and personal account, certificates or other documents confirming the ownership of housing, which indicate the main parameters of the apartment / house,

The number of people registered in the property and who owns what share of the property or is the responsible tenant.

The actual part of the verification of living conditions is carried out during the examination of the living conditions of candidates by the body of guardianship and guardianship. Since those wishing to adopt a child in a family are not required to provide any other certificates other than those indicated above, the examination is the main element of the verification. The survey should reveal the actual condition of the housing, the number of people living in it, the financial situation of the family, the sanitary condition, the availability of a place to accommodate the child - a place to study, sleep, play, assess the readiness of future parents to create normal conditions for the child to live and develop. Specialists of the guardianship authorities, or a social teacher of the school, a public inspector - these persons can conduct an examination on behalf of the PLO - are obliged to inspect the housing and assess its suitability for the child to live. In the event of disputes or identified serious non-compliance with sanitary standards or poor technical condition, the PEP have the right to engage special services for additional examination of the condition of the dwelling: Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (SES), Bureau of Technical Expertise (BTI), Gostekhnadzor, Gosstroynadzor at their own expense and on their own. They do not have the right to demand presentation of certificates from these organizations from adoptive parents.

I dream of changing jobs. And then I accidentally saw an ad in a newspaper. The position offered is better and higher than what I have now. I went with a resume to the personnel department and, you know, talked so well with the personnel officer, met like my own. On Monday I meet with the director. 90 percent of what they will take. I'm just in shock, I can't even believe that it's so easy to find a new decent job. Do you believe in such luck?

Discussion

Interesting, in what area? it’s just that now there is almost no shortage anywhere, there are 21 candidates for one place

Certainly! the main thing is to know how to behave correctly. look how the girl is being interviewed here .... ohhh ... she seems to be experienced, but she has so many ambitions! although without them, too, nowhere;)
By the way, congratulations to you!!

Does your company have the same requirements for employees? Rules established in our Company 1. Coming to the office at 9:00:01 is already late...

Discussion

nonsense! And people work for such ... mmmm, as it were, softer ?? But in general, I thought that slavery had already been abolished !!!

rules of course tin, but in principle normal. I was confused by point 2, namely, that the employer forces you to stay late at work to receive wages. they have no right to do so.

Never dealt with MTS. Before NG comes 3 letters demanding to repay the debt on 3 different personal accounts. Approximately 12 thousand.

Discussion

I had the same situation with Megafon, although the amount was much less. With such amounts, it is necessary to write an application. They torture you with letters, then they will hand it over to the collection office - they will start sending horror stories that you will be blacklisted by all operators, banks, etc.. Of course, this is all nonsense until there is a court decision ... But with such amounts, they will definitely sue and will have to go and prove it already in the courts.
Surely the application can be written at any branch of MTS closest to you. Ask for a copy of the application for yourself and have them provide the date and registration number of your application. Write that if your application is ignored, you will contact the prosecutor's office for fraud and misuse of your personal data by the operator's representatives. Theoretically, you can send a statement by registered mail with an acknowledgment of receipt, and duplicate a copy of it on the site (there is probably a feedback section there).
But it's better to go in person.

Well, if the directors didn’t have paws in the departments and if the school says state, it would have been like that, there would be no requirements, no fees. And so it is difficult to find justice in our schools, so they do what they want. Apparently the directors who work from the heart a little, the rest are looking for ways to make money.

Discussion

I would try to concentrate on teaching the child. The programs are not really that different. The main thing is the volume and quality of knowledge. If there is a normal English school nearby, then I would teach there, and not take it far. And at home I would teach Russian (I teach myself, but you can also hire a tutor). According to the experience of acquaintances: in more or less lower grades (somewhere up to 6) they take them to the most decent schools without any problems. We agreed with the director, the teachers at the school themselves tested the children (not captiously, without requiring "registration" and other rubbish; no one missed a year). Before testing for 1-2 months, they themselves or with a teacher looked through textbooks for previous years. And in older classes, you can go to a private school or to an external student, and having received grades for the first quarter, you can already be transferred to the state, if you want.

01/24/2007 10:19:18 PM, irina.

I used to really like the site, which has now become much worse, but there is with every plant that can grow to suit. light mention of it. Look at http://www.flowers.corbina.net
saintpaulias grow well in many people in pure fluorescent light, BUT with a distance of ~30 cm from the lamps. As for phytoluminescent lamps, I haven’t figured it out yet, but the xenon that they have is clearly good with a fraction of ultraviolet in the spectrum. Another thing is that ultraviolet is not useful for SD drives, if it's about office.
The syngonium and birches, at least the green ones, are extremely hardy and can live with a claim. light. If you don’t want to, then the point is not that the light is artificial, but that it is weak.
From your list, aloe, kalanchoe, crassula (crassula), ceropegia and hoya want good, better than crazy light (a south window with direct sun is ideal). It is hardly worth trying to create something similar in the office. Yes, there are amateur collectors, with cactus racks with artificial light. The question is what kind of light. I have a 2000W arc xenon at work. There, the spectrum is like that of the sun, the main problem is not to burn your eyes with ultraviolet radiation.
Balsam, geranium, fuchsia, clivia are quite photophilous, they are unlikely to want to bloom where there is little light for the syngonium.
The most shade-tolerant are: sansevieria (mother-in-law's tongue), cissus (birch), hedera (ivy), chlorophytum, scindapsus, green tradescantia, part of philodendrons, non-flowering begonias.
With asparagus, zebrina, saxifrage, codiaum, the question is more complicated, they are in the middle between the last and penultimate groups of the above.

→ Public buildings


Planning requirements, composition of indoor schools


The composition of the premises of school buildings is adopted in accordance with the specifics of the content of education, capacity and requirements for the organization of the educational process.

All groups of premises should be located in the building as isolated from each other as possible, but at the same time conveniently interconnected by horizontal and vertical communications.

Educational premises include classrooms, classrooms with laboratory assistants, laboratories with laboratory assistants, an office for technical teaching aids (TCO), an office for basic military training.

Classrooms, classrooms and laboratories should be combined into educational sections, which include 3 ... 4 (up to 6 are allowed) classrooms or classrooms and laboratories (determined depending on the number of flows), recreation and sanitary facilities (it is allowed to combine sanitary facilities for two educational sections) (IV ... X classes).

Sections form blocks for junior, middle and senior students school age. Recreational facilities intended for one group should not be passable for students of other groups. Educational sections for preparatory and I-III grades should be separate.

Classrooms and classrooms are the main premises of the school building, which largely determine its quality. Classroom in general education school expect to accommodate 40 students on single or double desks and a teacher's workplace. The class area is taken based on the norm of 1.25 m2 per student, the area of ​​a specialized classroom, based on the norm of 1.5 m2 per place.

At present, three types are used in domestic design practice. classrooms: longitudinal class 9X6 in size with continuous strip glazing along the outer wall, made in any design;

Cross class size 6X9 with continuous glazing along the outer wall and additional lighting, used only for construction with transverse load-bearing walls;

A square classroom, the side dimensions of which range from 7.2 to 8.0 m, with continuous glazing and additional lighting from the recreation side, is used for the construction of school buildings of a frame structure or with transverse load-bearing walls (Fig. 1).

The use of a transverse class is justified when the class is less occupied, when the working area is a square of 6X6 m. If 40 students are placed in a class, no favorable conditions x for the perception of the blackboard from the first extreme desks.

In all types of classes, windows should be located to the left of seated students, the window area should be at least 25% of the floor area. The presence of windows or upper transoms in opposite walls, even if these windows face recreation, or additional lighting from above contributes to a more uniform natural light, increases its intensity, and allows better ventilation of the room.

The entrance to the classroom should be located on the side of the board near the teacher's chair. The number of classrooms with an entrance from the back desks (“reverse classroom”) should not exceed 25% of the total number of classrooms.

In classrooms, it is necessary to have the following furniture and equipment: double or single desks or tables according to the number of students, a teacher's table, built-in cabinets for storing teaching aids, books and notebooks, a hanging blackboard.

Modern classrooms and offices are equipped with a stand for a slide and film projector at the back of the classroom and a TV is installed. It is possible that the TV and part of the cabinets are located behind the blackboard, which is solved as a cabinet door.

Rice. 1. Types of classrooms:
a - longitudinal; b - transverse; c - square

The complication of curricula, the intensification of the educational process will require special conditions to organize the space of classrooms and classrooms. Gradually, they will be modernized and improved.

Laboratories of physics and electrical engineering, chemistry, biology should have an area of ​​66...72 m2. They are equipped with special student laboratory tables, a demonstration table-lectern and built-in wardrobes.

Laboratory rooms (with an area of ​​18 m2) are located adjacent to the corresponding laboratories from the side of the demonstration table and are connected to them by doors. From the chemical laboratory, it is necessary to arrange a second exit to the corridor, stairs or other adjoining room. Fume hoods should be arranged between laboratories and laboratory assistants in physics and chemistry.

Rice. 2. arrangement of equipment in the physics laboratory:
1 - laboratory tables; 2 - demonstration table; 3 - sectional cabinets; 4 - platform; 5 - blackboard; 6 - table for the projector; 7 - teacher's table; 8 - laboratory assistant's table; 9 - electrical switchboard; 10 - desktop; 11 - umformer

Recreational facilities are an essential element of the training section. Here students rest during breaks; in extended day schools, recreation, in addition, serve for extracurricular activities (circles, games, etc.).

In terms of form, recreational premises can be of corridor and hall types. The latter is more convenient. Corridor-type recreation must have a width of at least 2.8 m. In hall-type recreations with edge lighting, the depth must not exceed three of its heights. One recreation serves 2...6 classrooms and is accepted with an area of ​​24 m2 per classroom.

The optimal recreational system for our secondary schools is a developed system in which autonomous recreational spaces are connected to the main school-wide recreational space.

Sanitary units are made for each or two adjacent sections separately for boys and girls; it is convenient to place them near the stairs, however, it is forbidden to arrange entrances to the latrines and washrooms from the stairwells. Entrances to the bathrooms must be made from recreations.

Sanitary units are designed on the basis of: for boys - one toilet bowl and one urinal for 40 people and one washbasin for 60 people; for girls - one toilet for 30 people and one washbasin for 60 people. Their total area is taken at the rate of 0.1 m2 per student place. Toilets should be placed in open cabins measuring 0.8 x 1.0 m, separated by screen partitions 1.75 m high.

The information technology center of the school is a center for the supply of information and management educational process. It includes a radio center, a photo lab, an inventory room for storing technical training aids (TCO) and equipment. Among the new premises associated with TCO are classrooms for technical teaching aids (CTSO), classrooms with teaching machines, language laboratories. The traditional library will enter it as one of the constituent elements. In addition to reading books stored in the book depository in the school library, it is necessary to ensure that the student can work with other means of storing information - tapes, microfilms, slides, etc. It is likely that the share of these materials will increase over time, as will the role of information technical center.

Premises for labor training are educational workshops for boys of IV ... VIII classes in the processing of metal and wood with a tool room for them, an office for girls of IV ... VIII classes for the study of textile processing and cooking, a workshop for a workshop of IX ... X classes from laboratory. These premises should be located on the ground floor (placement in ground floor with natural light). In the woodworking workshop, it is necessary to provide an additional exit directly to the outside or through a corridor into which there is no exit from the classrooms.

Training and sports facilities - a gym, locker rooms, showers and latrines - are divided for boys and girls, an instructor's room and a gym for storing sports equipment.

The size and number of sports halls are determined by the capacity of the schools. For schools with a capacity of up to 18 classes, a hall measuring 9X18 m is accepted; 18...33 classes-12X24 m; for 44 classes - two sports halls measuring 12X12 and 12X24 m; for 66 classes - 12X 12 and 15X30 m.

Sports halls should be located in isolation from the educational sections in a convenient connection with the sports core located on the school site.

The project room is placed in direct connection with the hall, between the project room and the hall a door or opening is arranged with a width of at least 2 m and a height of at least 2.2 m. Dressing rooms should be connected to the hall directly or through an impassable corridor. Each cloakroom should have a shower with two arms and a lavatory with one toilet bowl and a washbasin in the gateway.

Premises for cultural purposes are a universal hall for kids and an assembly hall. Given the differentiation of students into age groups in large schools, it becomes necessary to arrange a separate multifunctional hall for younger students, which could serve for physical education, meetings, amateur art activities, games, etc. The area of ​​\u200b\u200bsuch a hall should be 12X12 m in size. At the hall, rooms are needed for storing inventory, dressing rooms (possibly a film room).

The assembly hall - a cinema audience during school hours is used to demonstrate educational films, conduct lectures, and singing lessons; after-hours - for various meetings, showings of amateur performances and films, for holding gala evenings. The number of seats in the hall is determined at the rate of 20 ... 25% of the total number of student seats, and the area is 0.6 m per seat. The assembly hall should be provided with a stage, a cinema room for two projectors, a radio center, a lavatory and a washroom.

In large schools, sports and assembly halls are recommended to be allocated in a separate block with a vestibule with a wardrobe. At the same time, the block of halls should be conveniently connected with the main premises of the school.

The canteen is designed in schools for 360 students and more. In schools with fewer students arrange buffets.

The catering unit includes the following premises: a dining room, a kitchen, a vegetable and meat and fish workshops, a washing, a refrigerated chamber, a pantry of vegetables and dry products, a loading and packing room, a dressing room, a linen room, a shower room and a staff sanitary unit.

The dining hall is designed with the calculation of the nutrition of all students in four landings (shifts), i.e. two landings during two changes. At the same time, the area of ​​the hall is determined according to the norm of 0.65 m2 per seat. In front of the dining room, it is necessary to provide wash basins (one for 20 seats in the hall).

The catering unit is recommended to be located on the ground floor with a convenient access to the loading and packaging from the side household yard. Placement in the basement floor is allowed with a depth of no more than 1.5 m from the level of the sidewalk.

Warehouse and utility rooms for personnel may be located on the basement floor with a mandatory arrangement of a separate exit to the outside.

Ancillary facilities - lobbies and wardrobes - are designed in different ways: a single lobby for the entire school with an offensive wardrobe; separate lobbies with their own wardrobes for different age groups, dispersed wardrobes for different classes, located on the ground floor or on floors in recreation areas.

The area of ​​the lobby with a self-service wardrobe is taken at the rate of 0.25 m2 per student. Of these, 0.1 m2 for the lobby, 0.15 m2 for the wardrobe. In the presence of service personnel, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe dressing room is calculated according to the general norm.

The choice of the layout of vestibules and wardrobes depends on the capacity of the school, its type, and the climatic conditions of construction. So, in a small school, it is rational to arrange one vestibule with a wardrobe; in a large school, separate vestibules and wardrobes for younger and older students should be arranged. In areas with a warm climate, it is possible to arrange wardrobes directly in recreation areas, which creates favorable conditions for walking during breaks.

Wardrobes for teachers stand out from total area wardrobes. Their capacity is determined on the basis of two places per classroom.

Vestibules are designed in the lobbies: in the coldest climatic sub-regions IA, 1B and 1G with three doors; in I (except for the above subdistricts), II and III climatic regions - with two doors, in IV with one.

The director's office and the office must be located adjacent to and near the main entrance to the school building. The teacher's room should be conveniently connected with educational premises. In large schools, it is allowed to design several rooms for teachers, related to the age groups of students. The office of the head of the educational department is conveniently located next to the teacher's room.