What is the correct name for fluorescent lamps? What is a fluorescent lamp and how does it work? Electrical connection

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent lamp (LL, LDS) is an inert gas in a glass bulb that emits visible light.

The principle of operation of the LDS is to saturate the gas with mercury and then pass a discharge through it, resulting in the formation of UV radiation, which is converted into visible light due to the phosphor layer contained in the inner surface of the bulb. This article will discuss LDS, their description and technical characteristics.

Varieties

The most widely used in implementation are gas-discharge lamps based on high-pressure (GRLVD) or low-pressure (GRLVD) mercury:

Application area

Fluorescent light sources are in great demand in public organizations: schools, hospitals, government agencies.

With further development, the lamps were equipped with electronic ballast, and it became possible to use them in common E14 and E27 standard sockets.

LL is more relevant to use in industrial premises to provide a larger lighting perimeter with minimal energy consumption. They are also used in lighting billboards and facades.

Luminescent devices combine the characteristic features of efficient and economical use of electricity. In everyday life, ceiling and table fluorescent lamps are used for plants, work surface lighting and living rooms.

The relevance of the use of fluorescent lamps

LL has become widespread due to many advantages, namely:

• high luminous efficiency (10 W LDS provides illumination comparable to a 50 W incandescent light bulb);
• large range of shades of emitted light;
• complete diffusion of light.

The guaranteed service life of LDS is from 2 thousand hours versus 1 thousand hours for incandescent lamps.

Disadvantages of fluorescent devices:

• chemical hazard (LDS contains up to 1 g of mercury);
• uneven spectrum that is unpleasant to the human eye;
• gradual destruction of the phosphor layer, leading to a decrease in illumination;
• lamp flickering at twice the mains frequency;
• the presence of a mechanism that regulates the start;
• LL power does not provide a high coefficient.

Work principles

During operation of the LL, an arc-shaped discharge burns between two electrodes located at its edges, which leads to the creation of UV glow inside a flask filled with a gas containing mercury vapor.

Human vision is immune to the UV range of luminescence, therefore the inner walls of the flask are treated with a phosphor composition that has the properties of absorbing ultraviolet radiation with its further conversion into a visible white glow. Calcium-zinc orthophosphates and halophosphates form the basis of the phosphor layer. Also, the phosphor can be saturated with other substances in order to obtain a certain shade of light. Thermionic emission of electrodes from the cathode creates support for the electric arc in the LDS. Further heating of the cathodes by passing current through them or by ion bombardment causes the device to start.

Specifications

The final operation of the LDS - the required lighting - depends on the technical characteristics.

Power

The light output, which affects the illumination area, depends on the LL power indicator. Lamps of various wattages are common in implementation.

Lamps 4–6 W

Suitable for small rooms. Great for agricultural areas, guardhouses or tents. These LDS are unpretentious in terms of electricity consumption, and thanks to transformer converters, these lamps are able to operate on 12 volts, which makes it possible to start the lamp by connecting it to a car battery in conditions of no power supply. Low-power fluorescent devices are also used to illuminate plants or aquariums.

The most common LL in terms of lamp power. They can be found everywhere: in a room, car garages, offices, pavilions.

They have also become widespread. They are used in the same rooms as LL 18 W, with the difference in increasing the lighting area.

58 W and 80 W

These high-power LDS are used only in large production workshops, storage facilities and hangars, in underground areas.

Sometimes LLs of such power can be found in open areas under conditions of high light scattering. Such LLs, unlike 18 W and 36 W lamps, are more energy-consuming and their use in everyday life or office lighting is unprofitable. They are also equipped with additional fluorescent lamps, which makes their use even more irrelevant as ceiling fluorescent lamps in small areas.

Colorful temperature

Another main parameter of LDS. The quality of lighting depends on the quality of light and color temperature. These parameters are displayed as a three-digit value on the device bulb.

Value 627

Complies with devices with 60% light quality and 2700K color temperature.

Value 727

Lamps with 70% light quality and similar color temperature.

Value 765

The color temperature is 6500 K, which is what all LDS have without exception. Color quality at 70%.

It is necessary to take into account that 2700 Kelvin is the color temperature of incandescent light bulbs, and a LL with the same color temperature will emit rays perceived by human vision that are yellow. Taking into account the human perception of the color of the glow, luminescent devices of different color temperatures are manufactured.

Many compact-shaped LLs (energy-saving light sources) emit yellow light. A color temperature of 6500 is common to all linear devices and corresponds to white light with a slight blue tint. Narrow-profile luminaires with a color temperature of 1300K are also manufactured, when turned on, a red tint is observed. In some cases, colored LDS are used to obtain a unique shade of glow.

Network connection

The simplest diagram for connecting fluorescent lamps is based on a starter, a choke (ballast) and a capacitor. The lamps themselves do not provide for their direct connection to an electrical circuit, since when turned off, fluorescent devices have high resistance, which can only be overcome by a high-voltage pulse.

It is also possible to connect two lamps in series, with 2 starters and one inductor, but it must be designed for the total power of the lamps. The diagram of a 2-lamp lamp is shown below. There is no capacitor in the diagram, but it can also be installed at the input of the lamp.

The schematic diagram of the lamp is sometimes applied to the starter housing.

The choke (ballast) is included in the electrical circuit as an additional resistance that protects against short circuits. The starter allows you to charge the inductor at moments of high lamp resistance and at the same time warm up the lamp coils.

It is impossible to start a fluorescent lamp without a throttle. The total energy consumption of all devices connected together with the fluorescent light source to the electrical circuit depends on how the connection diagram is designed.

Electromagnetic choke (EMPRA)

A constant inductive reactance choke, connected only to a circuit with a LL of a certain power. When switched on, the resistance of the electronic ballast included in the circuit begins to play the role of limiting the current supply to the lamp.

The design of the electronic ballast is simple and cheap to produce, and accordingly, lamps with electromagnetic ballast are also cheaper. Despite its cheapness and simplicity, it has a number of disadvantages:

• startup duration up to 3 seconds (time depends on lamp wear);
• high power consumption by the throttle;
• a gradual increase in frequency in the throttle plates due to wear;
• flickering at twice the mains frequency (100 or 120 Hz) when turned on, which negatively affects vision;
• massiveness and dimensions of luminescent devices (in comparison with analogues of electronic ballasts);
• probable failure of the electrical circuit with the throttle mechanism at temperatures below zero Celsius;
• a short circuit leading to soldering of the inductor electrodes to the device, after which it cannot be removed.

The connection diagram for gas-discharge fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts provides for the presence of a starter that regulates the ignition of the lamp. However, it additionally consumes electricity.

Electronic throttle

An electronic ballast (EPG) provides the lamps with high-frequency power 25–133 kHz. When the LDS with an electronic throttle is turned on, a person observes a bright flickering for a short time. Using an electronic ballast, two operating principles for turning on lamps are implemented.

Cold start

It starts the device immediately, but causes significant damage to the electrodes. Lamps with such triggering options are designed for low frequency on/off during the day.

Hot start

Before turning on the lamp, the electrodes heat up for 1 second, then it works. There is also a thermal indicator that provides the device with protection against overheating.

LLs based on electronic ballasts are more economical, which is why they have gained significant popularity, which cannot be said about analogues of electronic ballasts.

Causes of malfunction

LDS electrodes are represented by a tungsten spiral coated with active alkali metals that provide a charge. Over a period of operation, the active mass falls off from the electrodes and they become unusable.

At the moment the lamp is turned on (starting the discharge and subsequent heating of the electrodes), an additional load occurs on the active mass, which further destroys it. In areas with the greatest loss of active mass, less voltage is supplied, which leads to uneven output, and a person observes the flickering of the lamp during its operation. Also, shedding of the active mass leads to complete malfunction of the lamp, and a dark tint appears at the ends of the tube.

It follows that the service life of the LL also depends on the quality of the active mass and the frequency of switching on the lamp. But even with these limitations, the service life of the LDS is at least much longer (2000 starts versus 1000 for conventional incandescent light bulbs).

Types of execution

Luminescent devices are divided into two types according to the design of the bulb.

Linear lamps

These LLs are represented by low pressure mercury lamps. Most of the light from these lamps is emitted by phosphor. Luminescent devices mounted on the ceiling are the main representative of linear luminaires. The fluorescent ceiling lamp has received huge demand all over the world in premises for various purposes.

Among linear lamps in Russia, LDS with a T8 round tube (D=26 mm) and a G13 base are common. The power of these lamps is related to the size of the tube - standard 18 W LDS have a tube length of 600 mm, and 36 W lamps are already twice as long, 1200 mm. There are also lamps of other powers, but they are less widespread or have a narrow range of applications.

It is worth noting that in the Soviet period, LDS with a T12 flask, the diameter of which was 38 mm, were most widely used. These lamps were more energy-consuming - 20 W short and 38 W long versus 18 W and 36 W, respectively. There were also lamps with a T10 tube (32 mm), but they were not in widespread demand compared to T12.

In Western countries, in recent years, lamps with the latest generation T5 tube with a diameter of 16 mm have become predominant. They are quite thin and have received more extensive use in the interior.

If we touch on technological progress, then just recently Chinese developers created a device with a T4 flask (12.5 mm). This is only a new product that has not yet received widespread use, and it is too early to talk about the prospects of such tubular lamps. LDS with an even smaller tube diameter have not yet been made in practice.

A double-ended straight lamp is a glass tube with glass legs welded at the ends into which electrodes are mounted. The hermetically sealed tube contains argon or neon enriched with mercury, which turns into a gaseous state when the lamp is turned on. The sockets at the ends of the tube are equipped with contacts for connecting the lamp to the circuit.

Linear LDS consume only 15% of the consumption of an incandescent lamp, providing similar illumination. These lamps are often found in production, offices, and transport.

Compact lamps

They are fluorescent lamps with a curved tube.

Compact lamps can have a free (any) bulb shape and are common for private use. Compact fluorescent devices also include so-called energy-saving lamps.

Also common are compact lamps chambered for E14, E27, and E40 standards, which are used in lamps.

Application options

Currently, luminescent devices are widely used both in lighting industrial facilities and in organizing the interior of a room. Lamps with fluorescent and white light lamps are used for many purposes:

• Low pressure fluorescent lamps LB 40, designed to illuminate the entire area of ​​a closed room.
• Fluorescent lamp for aquariums and indoor plants, providing local lighting.
• Phytolamps (flower lamps) - fluorescent lamps for flowers and plants.
• A table and wall fluorescent lamp that provides soft lighting for a cozy atmosphere when reading or relaxing.

Marking

The labeling is designed so that the consumer can easily select the required LL when purchasing. The most common designations are:

• LB (white light);
• LD (daylight);
• LCB (cold white light);
• LTB (warm white light);
• LE (natural light);
• LHE (cold natural light).

The visible hue is directly dependent on color temperature. The color temperature of LDS is 6400–6500K, which corresponds to the approximate color of white light.

In addition to the type of lamp, the necessary technical characteristics of the lamp are also indicated: voltage, shape, dimensions, and so on. The marking is applied to the glass flask or LDS body.

Without exception, all LDS contain gases saturated with mercury vapor. In accidents where the lamp breaks, mercury vapor enters the air.

In the future, mercury may end up in the human body and cause harm to health. Therefore, you should handle fluorescent lamps with care.

Video on the topic

For many people, the discovery will be that fluorescent lamps have many varieties. They can be selected for any kind of lighting: both for outdoor lighting and for lighting inside the house. The characteristics of the light bulbs also vary.

What is it and what are they called?

Fluorescent lamps are often called fluorescent lamps due to their ability to produce pure white light, close to natural light. They differ from all other varieties due to a different mechanism for creating lighting. Once upon a time, fluorescent lamps were not popular because the range of lighting shades was very scarce: only white-green or white-pink tones were found. However, a significant advantage was that it was possible to create lamps of various shapes. Soon designers appreciated the new product, highlighting all sorts of interesting details using fluorescent lamps of unusual configurations. So lamps firmly entered into everyday life.

It’s worth going into a little more detail about the operation of lamps. They glow due to the fact that an electric discharge in mercury vapor in the flask creates ultraviolet light, with which the phosphor subsequently reacts - a special coating on the walls of the flask. It converts UV radiation into the light spectrum visible to the eye. In terms of light output, fluorescent lamps are not much inferior to LED lamps. Lumens in LED bulbs do not always correlate closely with wattage, and the same can be said for fluorescent daylight bulbs. Do not confuse lumens with lux: the former show the light output of a light bulb, and the latter indicate the degree of illumination of the room.

Various bases are produced for fluorescent lamps: compact fluorescent light bulbs can even be purchased to replace ordinary incandescent lamps. Not only are models with phosphor brighter, they consume much less electricity and are also less harmful to eye health. The main disadvantage of fluorescent light sources is their harmfulness (if the bulb is cracked, then prolonged inhalation of mercury vapor can greatly harm the human body). Another drawback is the inability to use the lamp at low temperatures, as it simply will not turn on.

Species and types

Fluorescent lamps are divided according to many factors. One of them is size. There are compact models or large ones. Compact samples are often chosen as an alternative to ordinary incandescent lamps for ceiling chandeliers. They are equipped with a screw base. Large models are most often inserted into luminaires designed specifically for them. Lamps come in different shapes: long linear, tubular, curly. There are also more common configurations, for example, a round lamp or in the shape of a candle.

The finished model has the appropriate marking - designation of light temperature.

Based on the temperature of light, the following types are distinguished:

• LD – fluorescent lamp;
• LHB – cold white light lamp;
• LB – neutral white light lamp;
• LTB – warm white light lamp;

• LE – natural light lamp;
• LC, LV, LZ, LG, LS – red, yellow, green, blue, dark blue, respectively;
• LUV – ultraviolet lamps used for disinfection of premises.

The color lamp is widely accepted. It is often chosen for street lighting, which allows the use of fluorescent light bulbs. In the case of external lighting, shades must be used that create a suitable microclimate for the operation of luminescent models. For public institutions such as hospitals, administrative centers, and so on, it is customary to buy fluorescent lamps. There are single-lamp, two-lamp, four-lamp models depending on the size of the illuminated area. It is worth noting that due to certain characteristics of the lamps, a dimmer cannot be used to adjust the intensity of the light brightness.

Another popular model is energy-saving luminescent. It is made of several curved spirals and usually has a compact appearance and a screw base. On any energy-saving light bulb there is usually written about the principle of its operation. Please note that in the case of luminescent options, you should give preference only to high-quality options, since if the bulb depressurizes, significant harm will be caused to your health.

In general, there are variants of high and low pressure. The first type is used to create street lighting, and the second type is used to illuminate the living rooms of the house.

Characteristics

You can fully recognize the device of a particular model by looking at its markings. It reflects all the characteristics of the lamp. An important characteristic is the glow temperature. This aspect was discussed in more detail in the previous section. To measure the diameter of the flask, 1/8 inch is used in accordance with International Standards. When marking, the letter T and the corresponding part of the inch are placed, for example, T8 (25.4 mm). Please note that the thickness of the lamp directly affects how long it will last: models that are wider in diameter are much more durable than thin samples.

You can also find out about the bases and their number by the lamp marking.

The following types of connectors and socles are used:

• G24Q1;
• G24Q2;
• G24Q3;

In order to determine the network voltage, it is also enough to simply look at the lamp. The fluorescent light may be connected directly to a 220-volt power supply or may need to be reduced to 127 volts.

The shape configuration is reflected in the lamp designation. In addition to the standard designations, there are additional ones.

The standard ones include:

• The linear form has no symbol;
• U – horseshoe shape;
• S – spiral shape, usually used with compact lamps;
• C – candle lamp;
• G – sphere shape;
• R – in the form of an ordinary incandescent lamp with a reflector that sets the direction of the light flux;
• T – tablet lamp.

Additional values ​​include the following:

• M – small-sized. The letter comes after the one that denotes the shape, for example, TM - a small-sized light bulb of a round flat shape.
• P – body that scatters light.

Not all characteristics are listed, since each manufacturer considers it necessary to bring something different to the design of fluorescent light bulbs. There are, however, such important indicators as power, lamp sizes and the principle of their operation, and I would like to dwell on the listed points in more detail.

Power

Power marking is done using the letter W followed by a number indicating the number of watts in the light bulb. However, you should not focus only on power: in the case of fluorescent lamps, their light output means much more. Below is a table of the correspondence between the powers of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps with equal light output.

Fluorescent lamp power Incandescent lamp power 6 30 7 36 8 40 9 45 10 40 11 55 12 60 13 65 15 75 16 80 18 90 20 100 23 115 24 120 26 130 36 180 55 275

The higher the lamp power, the wider or longer it is. For example, a linear design with a power of 18W with a diameter of 26 mm will be 590 mm, at 30W - 895 mm, at 36 W - 1200 mm, and at 58W - 1500 mm. The table clearly demonstrates the enormous efficiency of fluorescent lamps compared to traditional incandescent lamps. Capacity classification was made based on the most common choice. This includes models of both outdoor and indoor lighting.

There are several more nuances that relate to the power of energy-saving lamps. Regardless of the luminescent model chosen, over time it will lose some of its brightness. This is due to the gradual burning out of the element inside. You also need to know that 30% of the total power consumed during operation is necessary for the lamp to light up. Some lamps are equipped with a special starting system, which does not make them more economical. In such cases, electricity consumption simply stretches over time.

Regardless of the lamp power, it does not heat up much. Unlike incandescent lamps, the heating limit of the fluorescent version is 50-60 degrees Celsius. Even if you touch the lamp without gloves, it is almost impossible to get burned. Very few modern light bulb models can boast the same distinctive properties.

Dimensions

As mentioned above, there are compact models or standard linear large ones. Currently, compact fluorescent lamps are more often used, so it would be logical to dwell on them in more detail. Compact samples are light bulbs with a curved tube. Both U-shaped and spiral models are available. Compact options are made for different types of bases, which opens up wide scope for replacing ordinary lamps with energy-saving fluorescent lamps.

There are models with screw bases, and there are those designed only for special fluorescent lamps. It is worth noting that models with a screw base are more expensive, since all fluorescent lamps require a ballast, and in such models it is built directly into the base body.

Compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps differ from incandescent lamps in the following characteristics:

• Energy-saving models absorb 80% less electrical energy with the same light output as incandescent lamps;
• It is possible to choose the model of the desired light temperature;
• As a rule, the life of a compact fluorescent model is much longer than that offered by incandescent lamp manufacturers. Traditional tungsten light bulbs last about 1,000 hours, while a quality fluorescent replacement can last 6,000-15,000 hours without replacement;
• Due to the durability of daylight models, it takes much less time, effort and money to maintain and maintain them in working condition.

Large linear models are most often used for lighting in non-residential premises, for example, in warehouses. Due to the high pulsation coefficient, equal to double the ripple rate of the electrical network, they cannot be installed to illuminate moving conveyors without additional, more stable incandescent lamps.

Principle of operation

Due to the special structure of the lamp, for long-term operation it must be equipped with a ballast, which makes it possible to neutralize the negative consequences of the fact that a large amount of current is passed through the lamp. Ballasts can be electromagnetic or electronic. Electromagnetic ballast is cheaper and simpler in design. However, this model has a number of serious disadvantages. The most significant of these is that lamps with such ballast flicker strongly and frequently. This leads to rapid fatigue, loss of strength, and also increases eye strain when working for a long time in a room with such lighting.

On top of that, options with electromagnetic ballast produce an unpleasant buzzing noise that can quickly cause headaches. There are also disadvantages that are not related to a person’s well-being. For example, lamps equipped with electromagnetic ballast take time to start up. Usually it fluctuates between 1-3 seconds, but as the model wears out it will increase. The lamps also consume more electricity than models with electronic ballast.

The electronic ballast converts standard mains voltage into high-frequency alternating current, which is then used to power the lamp. Such models are a little more expensive, but they do not produce noise, do not flicker, the ballast itself takes up less space and also weighs less. There are models that light up instantly, but such a starting system has a bad effect on the service life of fluorescent lamps. It is much better if there is a preheating system. In this case, the startup takes about one second, which usually does not play a special role.

Thus, it is best to choose a model with electronic ballast, since its cost is not much higher and the advantages are obvious. Moreover, today this option is more common than with electromagnetic ballast, so there should be no problems with the search.

What brands are they producing?

Today, many manufacturers produce all kinds of light bulbs. There are models of both Russian and foreign production. Below are a number of companies that are highly trusted among consumers.

• G.E.- a company founded by Thomas Edison. If initially General Electric specialized only in the production of incandescent lamps, now it is one of the oldest and most respected brands in the world.

• Orsam is another world-famous brand that produces various types of lighting equipment, ranging from options for cars to grandiose lighting structures for public events.

• Phillips offers high quality luminescent models and accessories for them. Lamps are produced in different ways: both tubular and compact. There are different types of bases, suitable for both special lamps and ordinary ones.

• Lisma is a leading company in the production of lamps in Russia. The company offers high quality samples, as well as all the parts for them. The advantage is a large selection of models.

• Sylvania specializes not in simple lamps, but in environmentally friendly ones. As you know, birds are very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, so it is necessary to choose special models for the rooms in which they are kept. Similar options are produced under this brand.

• RUPP "Vityaz" produces products of average quality that have affordable prices. Many people prefer lamps from this company precisely because of the cost.

• Tomsk Electric Bulb Plant has been producing lamps since 2009 and has already gained a good reputation among users. The products have an attractive price and good quality.

In a word, there is plenty to choose from. You can choose a high-quality model to suit every taste and budget.

How to choose?

When choosing luminescent models, you need to focus on many factors. Some of them have already been given in this article. The lamp must be manufactured by a trusted manufacturer. Poorly made options are hazardous to health in case of depressurization. You should not buy a Chinese fake, because it will not last long, and no one needs mercury vapor in the air.

Focus on the purpose for which a fluorescent lamp is needed. There are specialized options for indoors, outdoors, and medical institutions. Luminescent options are used everywhere, including to maintain constant lighting in flowers or for keeping animals. In the latter case, you should pay special attention to the selection of the option; it must be suitable for these purposes, otherwise you will only harm the animals. Don't forget about the optimal light temperature. The most comfortable color for the eyes is natural white. When combining different colored models, try to select high-quality samples.

Pay attention to the type of ballast. It is best to choose an electronic one, since such lamps have proven themselves better.

Take a closer look at how the lamp works. It may imply a built-in starter or its presence in the lamp.

There are models of the following types:

• RS - rapid start - do not require a starter and ignite without preheating the elements.
• InS – instant start – models with gradual start “lag” when turned on by 1-3 seconds, but serve better.
• US – universal start – universal options.
• PHs – pre-heat start – fluorescent lamps requiring a starter.

Models that do not have such markings require a starter. This means that the lamp itself is designed this way.

How to check if it's working properly?

In order to check whether a failed fluorescent light bulb is in a suitable condition, you should carry out a small test:

• First, remove the lamp itself directly from the lamp and see if the tube has turned black. As a rule, the presence of large black spots indicates that the lamp has expired and will not light up again.
• Next, use a multimeter to check whether the filaments are intact. To check, set it to resistance testing mode and use a tester to check each of the threads one by one. If any of them is burned out, the value on the multimeter will be equal to one. In simple terms, this means that the electrical circuit is broken.
• If both of the above factors are in perfect order, then it is necessary to work with ballast.

The simplest thing you can do to check the operation of the ballast is to remove the fluorescent tube, connect ordinary cables to the body wires and install a standard light bulb between them. Please note that you cannot plug in an electrical appliance without a light bulb, otherwise the ballast may burn out. If the light bulb lights up, it means the ballast is working, and the problem is in the fluorescent tube itself: maybe the bulb has burst or one of the threads has burned out. If the light bulb does not light up, the ballast is faulty and the entire light fixture will have to be replaced.

These methods are only suitable for testing light bulbs that are already in use. Before purchasing a fluorescent lamp, you should check it directly in the store. If there is an unpleasant odor, strong flickering or other things that cause concern, feel free to ask to replace the model provided to you, otherwise it may burn out within a couple of weeks after purchase.

How to connect?

It is possible to connect one or two fluorescent lamps at the same time. For each of these methods, its own connection diagram has been developed. Take a look at the diagram. It clearly shows how and what mechanisms are connected to each other for proper operation. To begin with, the current from the network enters the inductor, where it is converted to further power the lamp. After the current has entered the lamp itself, it goes to the starter. Next, the current passes to another spiral of the light bulb, closing the circuit, and thus an electric discharge is formed inside the lamp, igniting the mercury vapor.

For two lamps, the operating principle is almost the same, except that the current from the inductor gradually flows into the two starters.

To connect the lamp, follow the instructions below:

• First you need to choose a suitable lamp. Pay attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to whether the mains voltage in your home matches that indicated on the lamp. Otherwise, it will quickly fail.
• Depending on what type of lamp you have chosen, either screw it into the socket or fix it in the lamp by snapping it on both sides. In the second case, make sure to secure your option as indicated on the lamp body. Sometimes the performance of a lamp depends precisely on how correctly all the contacts are connected when connected.
• Check that the lamp is working properly by turning it on. When working properly, it will not flicker or make noise.

As you can see, connecting a fluorescent lamp yourself is not particularly difficult even for a beginner. The most important thing is to remember basic safety rules: do not work with bare wires when the mechanism is in current supply mode.

How to change?

Many people have difficulty replacing a fluorescent lamp with a new one on their own due to the fact that they have no idea how to remove a burnt-out model from the housing. Fortunately, there is nothing complicated about this:

• Turn off the power. It is advisable not just to turn off the light itself, but to completely de-energize the apartment.
• Hold the lamp firmly and begin to rotate it. You will have to rotate it all the way, the total angle is approximately 90 degrees. This will rotate the lamp pins to a vertical position.
• Next, gently pull the lamp towards you and down until it is completely disconnected. Place the dismantled light source in a safe place so that it does not break: remember, mercury vapor is dangerous to health and life!
• Carefully install the new light bulb. Repeat the path along which you pulled out the lamp, only in the opposite direction. Having reached the grooves, begin to gently twist the tube until it is completely fixed. You can check whether the light bulb is securely fastened by pulling it slightly.
• Check if the device is working. To do this, turn on the current in the apartment and flip the switch.

It is safe to say that replacing a lamp is very simple, and anyone can do it if desired. Don't forget to equip yourself with a stepladder if you are installing the lamp on the ceiling. This will make your work easier, while at the same time reducing the likelihood of accidentally dropping a faulty fluorescent lamp and breaking it. When replacing lamps in an office where panels of multiple lamps are usually protected with frosted glass, be sure to wipe down the inside of the lamp. It is not known when you will have the opportunity to clean it from dust, and besides, you will hardly want to do all the above manipulations specifically for this purpose.

Service life and disposal

Fluorescent lamps have one of the longest service lives today. Some manufacturers claim that their models are suitable for continuous operation for 20,000 hours. Such figures cannot but amaze, but the average operating life of such options is 13,000 hours. Models with a long service life are good for office spaces where it is not possible to constantly replace one lamp with another. It is worth noting that tubular models usually last longer than curly ones. The same rule applies to the diameter of the lamps: thicker models can be used longer than thin ones.

As you know, there are mercury vapors inside the flask, which is why the disposal of lamps must be carried out using a special technology. Abroad, fines have long been established for thoughtless handling of such equipment due to the great harm to the environment caused by disposal. Absolutely all fluorescent lamps have a warning that they cannot simply be thrown into the trash. Mercury is a toxic substance, and if a lamp is accidentally broken, its vapor will remain in the air for a long time, not moving anywhere and poisoning the space. Unfortunately, few people in Russia are concerned about this problem.

Fluorescent daylight sources have replaced much less efficient analogues, in particular incandescent lamps. They are characterized by a considerable number of advantages that may outweigh the disadvantages. Considering the relatively low cost, such lighting elements are used quite widely today.

Operating principle and structure

Fluorescent lamps operate on the principle of luminescence. To do this, the inner walls of the flask must be coated with phosphor. This is a special substance that absorbs ultraviolet light and produces a glow visible to the eye. It should be noted that UV radiation is produced as a result of the passage of an electric charge through the gaseous filling of the flask (inert gas, mercury vapor).

The main structural elements: a flask, inside of which there are electrodes; base in the amount of 1 or 2 pcs. depending on the lamp version; ballast. The last of these elements can be built-in or remote.

A newer and more advanced option is electronic ballasts, but linear-type fluorescent daylight sources today are often equipped with remote electromagnetic ballasts.

Device and connection diagram

The ballast includes a throttle and a starter. The task of the first of these nodes is to limit the current to the required value, while the starter is responsible for faster heating of the electrodes, and therefore faster operation of the lamp.

Light source connection diagram for newer models (T 5 or T8):

The process of turning on the lighting element is ensured through the implementation of the main stages:

• heating of electrodes;
• ignition process, which requires a high-voltage pulse;
• voltage stabilization, which ensures normal and fairly gentle operation of the lighting element.

In addition, modern fluorescent lamps are protected from burnout, which avoids the need for frequent replacement of light sources.

What types are there?

There are several varieties that differ in the shape of the flask:

1. linear (direct) executions;
2. ring;
3. U-shaped.

Fluorescent daylight sources are found in different variations, differing in the length of the product. This can be a flask of 450, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 mm. It is noteworthy that by the value of this parameter you can determine the power level of the lamp.

This means that there is a direct relationship between these characteristics. The longer the length, the higher the magnitude of the load created. For example, a design with a length of 450 mm is characterized by a power of 15 W, and in a design with a length of 900 mm the load level is 30 W.

Fluorescent daylight sources are available in different designs, which differ in the diameter of the bulb:

The designation encodes the size of the product in inches (for example, diameter 4/8 for T4). Another feature is that linear lamps are usually equipped with a pin type holder in a single version - G13. The designation of this base contains information about the distance between the pins (13 mm). Accordingly, when choosing lamps you need to take this nuance into account.

The concept of “fluorescent light bulbs” is based on the main characteristic – the color temperature of the product. Thus, this type of lighting elements is characterized by a light temperature ranging from 5,000 to 6,500 K. But the quality of lighting is also ensured by the brightness level of the light source: the lower the radiation intensity, the more distorted the colors will be.

Main technical characteristics

The efficiency of lighting elements of this type is assessed based on the compliance of their parameters with the conditions under which operation is planned. Fluorescent lamps have the following characteristics:

1. Product designation. Daylight is defined by the letter D.
2. Diameter of the flask. This parameter affects the duration of operation: the higher its value, the longer the product will function.
3. The power value, which determines the ability of the light bulb to illuminate the required area. If compared with an incandescent lamp, the analogue in question saves up to 80% of energy due to its low power level.
4. Base type. In linear versions, a G13 holder is usually used.
5. Power supply voltage. There are fluorescent lamps that are designed for 220 or 127 V.
6. Flask shape.
7. Colorful temperature. Depending on the model, the lighting element can be characterized by a temperature ranging from 5,000 K and above.
8. Color rendering index - shows how good the lighting is.
9. Tube diameter.
10. Luminous flux of the product.

Classification and characteristics of various manufacturers

As you can see, there are quite a lot of characteristics, but all of them together allow you to more accurately select a lighting element in accordance with operating conditions.

Pros and cons of lamps of this type

Fluorescent light sources stand out from halogen lamps and incandescent lamps due to the following advantages:

• high efficiency;
• excellent light output, which allows you to produce bright light at low power;
• quality of lighting (diffused glow);
• low energy consumption, again, when compared with incandescent lamps;
• long-term operation (on average 6,000-9,000 hours), subject to ideal operating conditions, such light bulbs can function several times longer (up to 20,000 hours).

Mercury-containing light sources have a main drawback - the presence of hazardous substances in the gaseous filling.

• The mercury content in the bulb of a linear lighting element can reach 1 g per unit of product. Considering the rather large dimensions and the thin glass from which the bulb is made, you need to handle such light bulbs with extreme caution. Other cons:
• a narrow range of operating temperatures, since lighting elements of this type are characterized by a decrease in glow intensity in cold conditions, and at sub-zero temperatures such a light bulb may not turn on at all;
• After a certain period of time, fluorescent lamps shine worse, which is due to the depletion of the phosphor layer, and as a result, the color temperature changes.

As you can see, there are many problems associated with the operation of such lighting elements. But they continue to be used due to their relative cost-effectiveness and higher efficiency than incandescent lamps.

Criterias of choice

Before purchasing, you should take into account the features of the room (area, the possibility of installing a large light source), on the basis of which the lighting element of the desired model is selected.

First of all, you should take into account the power of the product, color temperature, and supply voltage. The remaining characteristics are secondary, but no less important: diameter, length and shape of the tube, color rendering index, luminous flux.

The assembly quality must be high, taking into account the presence of hazardous substances in the gaseous filling. Today you can buy linear light sources at a low price, even from well-known and reliable manufacturers - Osram, costing between 60-100 rubles. Moreover, the price category for high-power products and the largest dimensions (1,500 mm) is indicated.

Nuances of operation and disposal

There are many peculiarities in the operation of linear lamps: not instantaneous operation; sometimes restarting is required due to the fact that ignition did not occur; flicker; difficult operation at low temperatures, and sometimes complete lack of response during switching.

In addition, there are other problems, namely the need to dispose of the light source if the bulb is damaged or after the end of its service life.

Fluorescent are electric gas-discharge lamps that have a long service life. The products provide artificial lighting in residential complexes, office and shopping centers, and industrial facilities. Options for devices have been developed with different shades of radiation, type of base, tube shape, functionality, etc.

Design and principle of operation of lamps

According to the history of the fluorescent lamp, the first gas-discharge type lighting device was designed in 1856 by G. Geisler. The design of the devices has been improved. Fluorescent lamps came into mass commercial use at the end of the 30s of the 20th century.

The design refers to gas-discharge lighting sources, constructed using a glass tube, which is sealed on both sides. From the inside, a layer of a special substance (luminophor) is applied to the surface of the lamp. The device emits diffuse light after connecting to a power source. The inside of the flask is filled with argon.

The luminescent device includes:

• cathodes protected by an emitter layer;
• output pins;
• end panel;
• tubes for removing inert gas;
• mercury;
• stamped glass leg, supplemented with electrical inputs, etc.

The operating principle is based on the occurrence of an electric discharge between the electrodes after connecting to the power supply. After the discharge interacts with inert gases and mercury vapor, ultraviolet radiation appears, affecting the phosphor, which converts the energy into light radiation. To adjust the shades of mercury-containing devices, phosphors with different chemical components are used.

The arc discharge in the bulb is created by an oxide self-heating cathode, which is exposed to electricity. To turn on DRL and LD lamps, the cathodes are heated by passing a current discharge. Cold cathode devices are triggered by ion exposure in a high voltage glow discharge.

To function, fluorescent devices require an additional unit (ballast), which provides operation of the throttle and starter. The ballast regulates the discharge strength and is available in 2 types (electromagnetic and electronic).

Electromagnetic ballast is mechanical. The device is a budget option; the device may make noise during operation.

Electronic components are more expensive, operate silently, turn on the system quickly, and are compact.

Classification of fluorescent lamps

According to the spectral radiation indicator, luminescent type devices are divided into 3 categories:

• standard;
• with improved color rendering;
• with special functional purposes.

Standard devices are equipped with single-layer phosphors, which allow them to emit different tones of white. The devices are optimal for lighting residential premises, administrative and production units.

Fluorescent lamps with improved light transmission are equipped with a phosphor with 3-5 layers. The structure allows high-quality reflection of shades due to increased light output (12% more than standard lamps). The models are suitable for shop windows, showrooms, etc.

Fluorescent lamps for specialized purposes are improved with the help of different compositions in the tube, allowing them to maintain a given spectrum frequency. The devices are used in hospitals, concert halls, etc.

The devices are divided into high and low pressure models.

High-pressure designs are optimal for installation in street lamps and high-power devices.

Low pressure lamps are used in apartments, administrative complexes, and industrial premises.

In appearance, LLs are presented in linear and compact versions.

The linear design of the flask is elongated, used for industrial premises, shopping centers, offices, medical institutions, sports organizations, factory floors, etc. The linear model is represented by different options for tube diameters and base configurations. Devices are identified by codes. A device with a diameter of 1.59 cm is marked on the packaging with a T5 sign, with a size of 2.54 cm - T8, etc.

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are a spiral-shaped glass tube and are designed for installation in apartments, offices, etc. CFLs are divided into 2 types, the main difference being the types of bases (standard and with a pin-shaped base).

The traditional threaded base is marked with an “E” and a code with the diameter size.

The pin type of the base is marked with the symbol “G”; The numbers indicate the distance between the pins. This lamp is optimal for installation in table lamps and pendant sconces in small rooms.

Fluorescent lamps differ in power (weak and strong). The power of a fluorescent lamp in W can exceed 80 units. Devices with low power are represented by products up to 15 W.

In terms of light distribution, devices can be directional (reflective, slot type) or non-directional.

Based on the type of discharge, devices are divided into arc, glow or glow discharge devices.

The scope of application of lighting devices differs (external, internal, explosion-proof, console).

External devices are suitable for decorating the outside of buildings, for lighting gazebos, decorating a yard, etc. When choosing, it is necessary to take into account the temperature conditions of the region.

Internal suitable for office and residential buildings. The devices are equipped with protection from moisture and dust. The body parts are connected in a hermetically sealed manner. The design of the lamps can be straight, pendant, designed for attachment to the ceiling surface.

Explosion-proof devices are designed for areas with a risk of explosions (warehouses, dye production workshops, etc.).

Console-type devices are mounted using special fasteners and have an individual housing.

Marking

The marking designation of fluorescent lamps is indicated on the box and contains information about the company, power, base design, period of operation, shade of glow, etc.

According to the decoding of the index, the first letter of the marking of luminescent type devices is L. Subsequent letters indicate the color of the device’s radiation shade (daylight, white, cool white tone, ultraviolet radiation, etc.). The code value will include the characters D, B, UV, etc.

Design features on the markings are indicated by the corresponding letters:

• u-shaped fluorescent lamps (U);
• ring-shaped products (K);
• reflex type devices (R);
• quick start lamps (B).

In luminescent devices, the luminescence indicators are also displayed on the marking; the unit of measurement is Kelvin (K). The temperature indicator of 2700 K corresponds in hue to the radiation of an incandescent lamp. The 6500 K marking indicates a cold, snow-white tone.

The power of devices is marked with a number and unit of measurement - W. Standard indicators are represented by devices from 18 to 80 W.

The label also identifies the lamps according to characteristics such as length, diameter and bulb shape.

The diameter of the bulb on the lamp is fixed by the letter “T” with a code designation. The device designated by code T8 has a diameter of 26 mm, T12 - 38 mm, etc.

Markings of devices by base type contain the letters E, G and a digital code. The designation for the miniature form of the threaded base is E14. The middle threaded base has code E27. The plug-in base for decorative structures and chandeliers is marked with the G9 symbol. U-shaped devices are designated by the symbol G23, double u-shaped devices by G24, etc.

Specifications

Technical information on fluorescent devices includes data on operating power, base type, service life, etc.

The shelf life of fluorescent devices varies from 8 to 12 thousand hours. The characteristics depend on the type of lamp. T8 and T12 devices operate 9-13 thousand hours, T5 lamps - 20 thousand hours.

The luminous efficiency of the devices is 80 Lm/W. The heat generation during combustion is low, wind resistance is average, the burning position is horizontal. The permissible ambient temperature parameters for lamps are +5...+55°C. Optimal operating characteristics are +5… +25°С. Devices coated with amalgam are used at +60°C.

The color temperature of the devices varies depending on the model, ranging from 2000 to 6500 K. The efficiency of the lamp is 45-75%.

Color and composition of lamp radiation

Color rendering characteristics indicate the quality of display in comparison with natural lighting. High clarity of color reproduction is present in halogen devices and is indicated by code 100.

The shades of light emitted by devices vary, changing the color characteristics of objects.

According to GOST 6825-91 standards, luminescent devices have the following types of emission shades:

• daytime (D);
• snow-white (B);
• natural shade of white (E);
• warm white (TB);
• white with a cold tone (CB);
• ultraviolet (UV);
• cold natural glow (LHE), etc.

The addition of the C sign in the indication of color indicates the use of a phosphor composition with improved color reproduction.

Colors in lighting devices with special purposes are designated separately. Lamps with ultraviolet radiation are identified by the LUF code, reflective blue light devices - LSR, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages

Luminescent devices have advantages, advantages and disadvantages. The lamps have a high luminous efficiency. Fluorescent devices of 20 W provide lighting in the room, which is provided by incandescent devices and illumination lamps of 100 W.

The products are distinguished by their high efficiency. Energy-saving lamps are used for up to 20 thousand hours when operating requirements are met.

The light of luminescent structures is not directional, but scattering. In the northern regions, the use of fluorescent fluorescent lamps in residential and public buildings is recommended.

The advantage of luminescent devices is the variety of design solutions. Different shapes and color shades of devices allow us to implement original design solutions in the architecture of public and residential complexes.

The disadvantages of fluorescent devices include the content of mercury in the design; depending on the size of the lamp, the volume of the substance varies from 2.3 mg to 1 g. However, manufacturers are developing designs that are not dangerous in use.

It is necessary to take into account the complexity of installing switching circuits and the limited power per unit (150 W). The operation of the devices depends on climatic conditions, because... When the temperature drops, the devices go out or do not light up. The luminous flux in the lamps decreases towards the end of the device's operation.

How to choose a lamp

When choosing a lamp, the temperature conditions for using the device, the electrical voltage in the network, the size of the lamps, the intensity of the luminous flux, and the shade of the radiation are important. The parameters of fluorescent lamp bases must correspond to the types of lamps, floor lamps, etc.

The selection of lamps varies depending on the type of room (hallways, living rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, etc.). Models with a threaded base and electronic ballast are suitable for living spaces, because... do not have sharp flickering and are silent.

Hallways require powerful lamps with intense, yet diffused lighting. For wall sconces, compact devices with a warm shade (930) and high-quality color rendering are suitable. Above the cornice under the ceiling, you can install strip lights with cool shade lamps (860) and a tubular design.

In the living room, luminescent devices are used for sconces, which are mounted to illuminate areas or decorative elements. The color is selected white, high quality (940). It is possible to install lighting devices around the perimeter of the ceiling.

Lighting in the kitchen area should be multi-level (general and local). Compact devices with a power of at least 20 W are recommended for ceiling lighting; the shade of light should be warm, with an index of at least 840. For arranging a work area in the kitchen, linear fluorescent lamps that do not create glare on surfaces are optimal.

Fluorescent lamps are gas-discharge light sources. They create UV radiation as an electrical charge passes through mercury vapor. It is converted into radiation perceptible to the human eye due to a special coating on the bulb - phosphor. The power of these lamps is less than incandescent, but the luminous efficiency is greater. Due to this, they are much more economical.

Operating principle and device

The light bulb consists of the following elements:

1. Tube or flask. This component varies depending on the design.
2. Base. It can be 1 or 2.
3. The filaments that are located inside.
4. A phosphor is applied to the inner surface - the most important detail.
5. Inside, an inert gas and mercury vapor are contained under vacuum conditions under stable pressure.

Design and principle of operation of a fluorescent lamp

When the light bulb turns on, a glow arc occurs between the electrodes inside. The gas conducts current and produces UV radiation. The phosphor absorbs it and produces light visible to human vision. Energy-saving technologies are used in such sources. The discharge inside is supported by thermionic emission of charged particles from the cathode surface.

Important! Depending on which phosphor is applied, there may be different shades of glow.

Application area

Due to their low energy consumption, such lamps are often used for public places. In shopping centers and offices, it is linear type LLs that are installed on Armstrong-type ceilings. When compact products appeared, they became very popular in everyday life for lighting apartments and houses. LL replaced the standard ones.

They are especially often used in places where there are critical requirements for color rendering. More specifically:

• Hospitals.
• Schools, including for lighting corridors and classrooms.
• Dental clinics.
• Jewelry workshops.
• Hair salons.
• The shops.
• Museums.
• Printing houses.
• Paint shops in auto repair shops, textile shops, graphic studios.

Fluorescent lighting in the underground passage

It is rational to use them for basic lighting of large rooms. Lighting quality improves and energy consumption is reduced by at least 50%. They are often used to illuminate places of work, historical buildings, and illuminated advertising.

Classification

There are many varieties of fluorescent lamps, because they are used not only to illuminate rooms, but also for specific purposes. For example, medicinal. They differ in design options, which also affects the scope of application.

Execution options

Initially, such lamps were exclusively linear, but with the development of technology, compact ones also appeared. Both types have the same properties, negative and positive sides. This group can be called general, since, in essence, they differ in the shape of the flask and, to a certain extent, in design.

Linear lamps

This is a mercury lamp of direct, ring or U-shaped design. These are classified according to:

1. Length.
2. Diameter of the flask.

Moreover, the larger the lamp, the more powerful it is. For linear lamps, a G13 base is used, and the bulb diameter is: T4, T5, T8, T10, T12. The numbers after the “T” indicate the diameter of the glass element, expressed in inches. The sizes listed above are considered standard.

Linear lamps of different sizes

The main difference between this configuration is that it has welded electrodes along the edges, which are directed into the product. Outside there are sockets with contact pins for connecting it to the circuit.

Linear lamps are mainly used in offices, shopping centers, transport, and other public places. This is because they consume no more than 15% of electricity, if we take the energy of an incandescent light bulb as 100% of consumption.

Compact

Compact ones are classified by:

• The shape and size of the flask.
• Size and type of base.

Basically, the bulb in them is curved, and “folded” in the form of a spiral or other shape. Due to this they are compact. Use at home is very convenient and practical. After all, you can find a product with (e27) and install it in any household lamp without any alteration. In addition, there are socles: g-11, g23 and others.

Expert opinion

Alexey Bartosh

Specialist in repair and maintenance of electrical equipment and industrial electronics.

Ask a question to an expert

Important! As soon as CFLs appeared, they practically replaced the use of incandescent lamps in chandeliers, sconces, and lamps in various rooms, including in the nursery. Primarily due to its energy efficiency.

Compact fluorescent lamps

There are LLs with improved light transmission. This feature is achieved by applying several layers of phosphor. As a result, they reproduce colors better. They can be either linear or compact.

Special

Their main difference from standard fluorescent fluorescent lamps is the emission spectrum. There are such special ones:

• Fluorescent lamps that meet increased color rendering requirements. Used for printing houses, museums, art galleries.
• Light sources with spectral radiation close to that of the sun. Often used for medical purposes for light therapy.
• For plants (including seedlings) and aquariums, they are designated fluora. They are characterized by an enhanced spectral range of blue and red. It has a positive effect on photobiological processes. They can even be used in the garden or in your own greenhouse.

Fluorescent lamp for illuminating plants

• Aquarium with a predominance of blue spectrum and ultraviolet. They help create optimal conditions for coral growth. Some species are capable of fluorescing under such lighting.
• Products for lighting rooms where birds are kept. Their emission spectrum is characterized by the presence of near ultraviolet. This helps create optimal conditions for birds, very close to natural ones; they try to use them at home during the cold season, and in factories all year round.
• Lamps with different colors: green, blue, violet, red, yellow, etc. are actively used to create lighting effects, for example, in nightclubs and other entertainment venues. The light effect is achieved by painting the bulb or coating it with a special phosphor composition from the inside. Similar pink colored lamps are actively used to illuminate meat displays in stores. They make the meat attractive to the eye, which means the buyer is more likely to buy it.
• Lamps for solariums. Another direction among special fluorescent lighting elements.
• UV lamps made of black glass, portable. Used in the field of laboratory research.
• Lamps for sterilization and ozonation - mercury-quartz and bactericidal, hygienic.

Important! Different types of special-purpose LLs are actively used in mechanics, textiles, food production, forensics, and agriculture.

Understanding the labeling of fluorescent lamps is simply necessary in order to choose the right lighting source for your needs. Letters and numbers can be printed on metal elements or a flask, which is easy to understand what they mean.

Labeling of LL from different manufacturers

The first thing you can find is the letter L - it stands for fluorescent lamp. Next, enter:

• B – means white light or white.
• D – daytime.
• U is universal.
• ХБ – cold white or simply cool.
• TB – warm white.
• E – naturally white.
• K, F, Z, G, S - red, yellow, green, blue, blue, respectively.
• UV – ultraviolet.

The following designation will tell you about the diameter of the flask. It is believed that the larger it is, the longer the lamp will last. The most common types of products are those with a diameter of 18, 26 and 38 m. The number indicating the diameter is preceded by the letter “T”.

The next important parameter is power. Based on this indicator, it will be possible to determine the size of the room that can be illuminated. It is designated W (Watt), the number after is power. For example, 13 W, 18 W, the designation could be 9 W, 28 W.

The next parameter in the marking is the physical characteristics of the base. Designation options:

1. FS - one.
2. FD – double-ended or tubular.
3. FB – this is how the compact one is signed.

Network voltage is indicated in volts. Marking options: 127 V or 220 V. And the last designation that can be found on the flask is its shape. Options:

• U – arc, horseshoe-shaped.
• 4U – four-arc.
• S – spiral.
• C – candle.
• G – spherical.
• R – reflex.
• T – in tablet form.

The shape of the flask is indicated in the labeling

Important! The latter marking is practically not used for standard fluorescent lamps.

These designations may be arranged in a different order.

Phosphors and spectrum of emitted light

There is an opinion that the light emitted by the lamps in question is unpleasant to the eyes, and objects have a distorted color. This happens for several reasons:

• Blue and green lines in the spectrum.
• The wrong type of lamp is used; the phosphor used in it is not the one required under specific conditions.

LLs, which are inexpensive, use a halophosphate phosphor; its emission spectrum is predominantly yellow and blue, with much less red and green. To the eye, light is perceived as white, but when reflected from objects, their color appears distorted. But such light sources have a significant advantage - they provide the highest light output.

Fluorescent lamps with different phosphors

In more expensive lamps, three-band and five-band phosphors are applied. It provides a more uniform distribution of radiation in the visible spectrum. As a result, the objects he bounces off look more natural.

Advice! To evaluate the spectrum of a lamp at home, you can use regular CDs. The light source should be looked at in the reflection of the disk. In the diffraction line, it will be possible to consider the spectral lines of the phosphor.

Advantages and disadvantages

Main advantages in detail:

1. High efficiency and high light output compared to incandescent lamps, which saves energy.
2. Different colors and shades are a significant plus in modern conditions.
3. The radiation spectrum is closer to the solar one.
4. Scattering of light, the flow goes throughout the bulb, and not just along the filament.
5. Long service life - the manufacturer guarantees up to 20 thousand hours. This figure can be achieved only if the quality of the power supply is sufficient and the number of on/off switches is observed. That is, how long it will actually last depends on its correct use.
6. Low heating, that is, they will not overheat the lampshade, that is, it meets fire safety standards. It glows better than an incandescent lamp.
7. Power supply from 220V network.
8. Suitable for standard household lighting fixtures used in the bedroom, living room, kitchen. Installation of compact lamps does not require any modifications.
9. The light weight of the lamp means that the entire chandelier will not weigh much.

Fluorescent lamps are very economical

Flaws:

• The need for special disposal is the main disadvantage.
• Blinking, which makes your eyes tired. It will blink less if ballast is used.
• The need to connect ballast equipment.
• The lamps are quite fragile.
• The phosphor wears out, which leads to a change in the spectrum.
• Can be used at normal temperatures. It can only work in the range from -40 to + 50 degrees.
• Sensitivity to high humidity.
• Switch-on delay – time required for warming up. That is, they do not immediately start up and give the light that they are capable of; after a couple of minutes it becomes brighter.

Fluorescent lamps should not be thrown away with regular household waste after they have reached the end of their useful life. When released into the soil, they can pollute large areas. If mercury vapor penetrates the water, it will slowly poison all living things. There are collection points for such lamps where hazardous household waste of this type can be returned free of charge.

Containers for recycling fluorescent lamps

Important! If a lamp, new or old, shows signs of damage, cracks, or breakdowns, it cannot be used under any circumstances. When purchasing, each lamp should be checked not only for functionality, but also for integrity.

The rather fragile lamps must be handled with care. Repairing them on your own, including disassembling, is prohibited. Another important point is that the phosphor that is inside the flask will lose its properties over time, so the spectrum changes. It is for this reason that it is undesirable to use such a light bulb for longer than the period indicated on the packaging, even if it has not yet burned out.

Recycling of the lamps in question in the factory is carried out under the necessary safety conditions. In this case, they do not harm the environment. In this case, various methods are used to extract dangerous mercury vapors. Remaining lamps are sent for recycling.

Video comparison of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps

In the video you can see a detailed description of fluorescent lamps and their technical features.

Conclusion

Fluorescent lamps are a more practical solution for lighting the home and public places. However, with the advent of LED light sources, their demand has decreased somewhat.