Definitely personal, generalized personal. How to identify types of one-part sentences

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any character (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

> One-part sentences

One-part sentences- sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by one main member (subject or predicate).

One-part sentences

One-part verb sentences

1. B definitely personal proposals an action called a simple or compound predicate correlates with a specific person not expressed verbally in the sentence.

verb in the 1st or 2nd person indicative mood ( I remember bright moonlit night(Kataev). I'm falling into a strange oblivion(Kataev). I won't continue an inventory of these masquerade impressions(Nabokov). Danilo Kupora You know? (L.N. Tolstoy). Very I'll be glad, if it happens for you too(L.N. Tolstoy);

Don't drive me!(Ostrovsky). Second Lieutenant Romashov, order play something for your ears(Kuprin)).

2. B vaguely personal sentences the character is thought of as vague, unknown, or unimportant for the message.

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:

verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( Nowhere do not know how so much spend money like in Odessa(Averchenko));

verb in the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood ( For the time being, old Moscow, its central part didn't touch (Kataev). In Moscow it met very cordially(Shalamov). His called to the commandant(Kataev). Horses tied up to stand(Kataev));

verb in the plural form of the subjunctive mood ( If only knew what do you want, a holiday would be canceled (L.N. Tolstoy)).

3. B generalized personal sentences The action applies to a wide range of people. Such sentences contain advice, orders, etc., and therefore are often presented in proverbs.

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:

verb in the 2nd person singular or plural indicative mood ( Yes, my brother, it’s okay can't help it... (Kuprin). Easily you can't take it out and fish from the pond(proverb). Over your head you won't jump (proverb). Jump up you won't get caught (proverb). You will hold on to each other - you can Nothing Do not be scared (proverb));

imperative verb ( Of two evils choose smaller(proverb));

(sometimes) verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( After a fist fight don't wave (proverb). To a foreign monastery with its own charter don't go (proverb)).

4. B impersonal sentences called an action or state that exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the attribute.

The main member of an impersonal sentence can be represented by a simple verbal predicate, a compound verbal predicate, or a compound nominal predicate.

The main ways to express a simple verbal predicate:

verbs in the form of the neuter indicative mood of the past tense ( At the top of the hill we drenched predawn wind(Korolenko). In London did not have not a single person close to me(Herzen). Furniture in the room was A little(Strugatsky));

verb in the 3rd person singular form of the present or future indicative mood ( It's getting dark , by night a blizzard rises(Bunin). And then again, near the very windows, pine and spruce trees will often be covered in snow, black forests will approach in dense thickets, will darken in the wagon...(Bunin));

impersonal verb, often with negation ( Can't sleep to me, can't sleep... (Turgenev). It's getting light . Here's a glimpse of the village, houses, gardens(Gogol). Pinocchio used his fingers to explain to this fool that it was dark and dangerous now, but when dawn- they will run to the girl(A.N. Tolstoy));

word No(Neither Shura nor me are already in Saransk at this time No (Trifonov)).

The main way of expressing a compound verbal predicate: auxiliary part (personal verb in the form of the indicative mood of the neuter past tense, impersonal verb, state category word) + infinitive ( I had to endure it a lot of fights(Shalamov). To me lucky repeatedly visit in the Dresden gallery(Paustovsky). It was starting to get light (Kuprin). In my laboratory can be removed the most ridiculous sci-fi movie ever(V.P. Aksenov). It is forbidden the same person on the street throwing away (Kataev). However, I had to bitterly be disappointed (Korolenko)).

The main ways of expressing a compound nominal predicate:

linking verb in the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + short passive participle in the neuter form ( In her eyes, languid, tired, the burden of bliss was written; everything in his room breathed heaven; was so light, so removed (Gogol). In Aristarchus's room smoky ...(Shukshin). She became happy, perked up, got excited and started apologizing that she had not tidy (Kuprin));

linking verb in the form of the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + word category state ( The best thing was in forests(Paustovsky). From this cold praise to the impressionable Ninochka got bored (Andreev). At the Maly Theater comfortable, purely, proudly, luxuriously (Olesha). It was dark since morning(Prishvin). In Ksenia Feodorovna's room as before it was quiet (Trifonov)).

5. B infinitive proposals The action is called desirable, possible/impossible, necessary, etc. The main member is the predicate, expressed by the independent infinitive ( Deep above the shore of Sevan dig tunnel by lowering a vertical shaft into it from the surface of the earth(Kataev). - Where would fish take? - he said, looking around and patting his pockets. - A fish...(Strugatsky). So the hunters finally made an agreement: this hare don't kill, A fire by(Kuprin)).

One-part nominal sentences

Nominative (nominative, substantive, nominative) sentences have a general meaning of being the subject of speech ( Early Moscow evening, winter, warm(Shalamov). And here is the lane connecting Tverskaya with Nikitskaya(Olesha). Golden night!(Leskov). Silence, light, aroma and beneficial, revitalizing warmth(Leskov). What a wonderful land!(Goncharov). - Ah, here she is! - he shouted laughing(Tolstoy)).

The main ways of expressing the main member - the subject - are nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases.

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Traditionally, many questions are raised about the types of one-part sentences. According to statistics, at the unified state exam in a compulsory discipline, there are a lot of errors in tasks related to this topic. What is this difficulty? How to correctly and quickly determine the desired type? Let's figure it out now.

Types of one-part sentences: features and structures

So, as you know, all proposals are divided into two types. The first is two-part (this is when there are both subjects and predicate), the second type is one-part, when there is only one of the main members. Both sentences of the first type and the second can be complex. As a rule, the main members are not always directly visible; there are moments when they are “disguised” as other parts of speech (rather than the generally accepted ones - noun and verb), while in sentences with one main word, difficulties may not arise.

Types of one-part sentence: general characteristics

In order not to make mistakes on the exam, you need to master the material at school. Traditionally, there are five types of sentences with one member: definitely personal, impersonal, nominative, generalized and indefinitely personal. We will consider only the most basic ones.

The first type is definitely personal. Here the only member is the predicate, which conveys what a person or thing does/says. As a rule, the verb has the first and second person forms, that is, you can mentally substitute pronouns such as I/we/you/you. For example: I love rain in autumn; go get some coffee.
The second type is impersonal. One-part sentences (the types of which are discussed in the article) of this kind also have only a subject in their structure. They are most often called state clauses. And here are the main features: here it is impossible to mentally imagine the subject, the verbs express any state of nature or man. For example: gets dark; it was getting warm; there was no snow/no rain.
The third type is nominative. In another way - nominal sentences. Everything is simple here: the main and only member is the subject. As an example, you can give a lot of proposals: late fall; April '41; wonderful weather.
Types of one-part sentences include indefinite personal sentences. In such cases, again one member is the predicate. How to distinguish such a proposal? Instead of the subject, you can easily substitute a pronoun such as “they”. Hence similar examples: there was a knock on the house; somewhere far away in the forest they are shooting.

To determine the types of one-part sentences, you need to identify the main members. If it is clearly visible that he is alone, you need to determine the part of speech. After these steps the hardest part begins. As was written above, the type of sentence depends in most cases on the person of the verb. Therefore, after determining the part of speech, you need to substitute pronouns for the verb to determine its person. Further, there is no longer any doubt about determining the required type of proposal.

This is how you can easily and accurately examine such a complex problem of the Russian language without any visible problems.

Good afternoon I propose to recall the types of one-part sentences in the Russian language.

A one-part sentence has only one of the main members.

Definitely personal, indefinitely personal sentences, generalized personal sentences

IN definitely personal in sentences, the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood (in the present and future tense), and in the imperative mood; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons me, you, we, you:

Come here.

I'm coming .

Let's go to the cinema.

IN vaguely personal in sentences, the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense in the indicative mood and a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb. The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant:

In the door. knocking /. knocked.

Let them knock.

If they had knocked louder, I would have heard it.

IN generalized-personal sentences speak of an action that is attributed to each and every individual. In these sentences, the main member is expressed in the same way as in a definite or indefinite personal sentence: by a verb in the 2nd person singular form of the indicative and imperative moods or in the 3rd person plural form of the indicative mood:

If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds.

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched .

Such sentences are presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, and aphorisms.

Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences like Sometimes you go outside and are surprised by the transparency of the air. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses the 2nd person form instead of the 1st person form.

Impersonal offers

Main member impersonal The sentence is in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present or future tense of the indicative mood) or the neuter singular (in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood) - this is the so-called impersonal form.

The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to PGS and is expressed:

1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:

It's getting cold/it's getting colder/it's going to get colder.

2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:

It's getting dark .

3) verb be and in a word No in negative sentences:

There was no wind / no.

GHS, may have the following expression:

1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:

It's getting dark outside the window.

2) linking verb be in impersonal form (at present in zero form) + adverb + infinitive:

It was a pity / it was a pity to leave with friends.

It's time to get ready for the road.

The main member, similar in structure to SIS, is expressed:

1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:

I felt sorry for the old man.

On the street. it was getting fresh.

2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:

The room was smoky.

A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitives offers:

He has to be on duty tomorrow.

Everyone stand up!

Impersonal sentences mean:

1) subjectless states:

It's getting dark outside.

2) actions occurring against the will of the subject:

I'm shivering.

3) actions in the description of which the action itself is more important than its producer:

The wave washed away the boat.

Name sentences

A nominative sentence is a one-part sentence with a main subject member. Denominative sentences communicate the existence and presence of an object. The main member of the nominative sentence is expressed by the form I. p. of the noun:

Insomnia. Homer. Tight sail (O. E. Mandelstam).

Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there, Here, and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles Well, Which, like this:

Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!

Distributors of a noun sentence can be agreed upon and inconsistent definitions:

Late autumn .

If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:

Soon autumn. Wed: Coming soon autumn.

On the street rain. Wed: It's going on the street rain.

Information was used from the manual by E. I. Litnevskaya “Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren.”