O The dominance of natural economy o The growth of boyar land ownership (patrimony) o The growth of cities as centers of economic life o Large territory, differences in natural and economic features o Multinationality of the people o Princely divisions of land, internecine wars o Ladder system of inheritance: elder brother younger brothers in order sons of the elder brother (by seniority) sons of the next brothers (by seniority) grandchildren, great-grandchildren in the same order, etc.
PRINCIPALITY OF KIEV After the death of Mstislav the Great, a fierce struggle for the Kiev throne began. The Kiev boyars began to select their own princes. The Kyiv principality managed to restrain the Polovtsian raids. The main opponent of the Kyiv principality was the Vladimir-Suzdal principality in the Northeast of Rus'. Andrei Bogolyubsky took the city by storm and destroyed it. The era of Kyiv's supremacy is over.
CHERNIGOV - PRINCIPALITY OF SEVERSK Chernigov was one of the largest cities in Rus'. A powerful boyar system was formed here, based on patrimonial land ownership. The princes had strong squads. Trade connections of Chernigov merchants extended throughout Rus'. Large and famous cities of Novgorod are Seversky, Lyubech, Kursk, Putivl. The Chernigov princes developed a special relationship with the Polovtsians. In the 2nd half of the 12th century, the Chernigov princes fought for the Kiev throne - the campaign of Novgorod - Seversky Prince Igor against the Polovtsians.
In 1111, a campaign was undertaken, to which Vladimir Monomakh attached the significance of a crusade, against In 1111, a campaign was undertaken, to which Vladimir Monomakh attached the significance of a crusade, against the Pagan steppe Arabs Livs Princely groups in Kyiv
3. The congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097 was convened for the purpose of 3. The congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097 was convened for the purpose of 1) organizing a campaign against the Polovtsians 2) stopping internecine wars 3) agreeing on the amount of tribute 4) adopting a new Code of Law
4. Of the listed features characterize the Old Russian state 4. Of the listed features characterize the Old Russian state A) the process of turning warriors into landowners B) the gradual development of written legislation C) the existence of the Zemsky Sobor D) the growth of cities, the development of crafts and trade E) vassalage to the Pechenegs E ) growing decline of culture 1) ABG 2) AVD 3) BGD 4) VDE
Since the 30s. XII century (1132, 1136) Rus' has already irreversibly entered a period of political fragmentation. What were the reasons? Since the 30s. XII century (1132, 1136) Rus' has already irreversibly entered a period of political fragmentation. What were the reasons? 1. Within the framework of a single state, new cities grew, large fiefdoms, possessions of monasteries and churches arose and developed. The centers of the principalities became large fortresses, with their own squad. All this new Rus' no longer needed the former centralized power.
2. The collapse of Rus' was also facilitated by the expansion of the princely family and the constant partitions and redistribution of lands between the princes and their endless internecine wars. 3.For a while, Rus' ceased to be threatened by the threat of the Steppe. This led to a loss of need to stick together. Consequently, the main disadvantage of fragmentation will be the weakness of the borders of the state, as well as constant strife between the princes 2. The collapse of Rus' was also facilitated by the expansion of the princely family and the constant divisions and redistribution of lands between the princes, their endless internecine wars. 3.For a while, Rus' ceased to be threatened by the threat of the Steppe. This led to a loss of need to stick together. Consequently, the main disadvantage of fragmentation will be the weakness of the state’s borders, as well as constant strife between the princes
But there were also advantages to the collapse. Cities grew, old crafts developed and new crafts emerged, and trade flourished. Wonderful cultural monuments and chronicles were created in the cities. But there were also advantages to the collapse. Cities grew, old crafts developed and new crafts emerged, and trade flourished. Wonderful cultural monuments and chronicles were created in the cities.
The Principality of Kiev increasingly lost its significance as the political center of Russian lands. The death of Mstislav the Great in 1132 and the subsequent struggle for the Kiev throne became a turning point in the history of Kyiv. It was in the 30s and 40s. XII century he irrevocably lost control over the Rostov-Suzdzl land, where the energetic and power-hungry youngest son of Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky, ruled, over Novgorod and Smolensk, whose boyars themselves began to select princes for themselves. The Principality of Kiev increasingly lost its significance as the political center of Russian lands. The death of Mstislav the Great in 1132 and the subsequent struggle for the Kiev throne became a turning point in the history of Kyiv. It was in the 30s and 40s. XII century he irrevocably lost control over the Rostov-Suzdzl land, where the energetic and power-hungry youngest son of Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky, ruled, over Novgorod and Smolensk, whose boyars themselves began to select princes for themselves.
There were periods in the history of the Principality of Kyiv when, under a strong and skillful ruler, it achieved certain successes and partially regained its former authority. This happened at the end of the 12th century. with the grandson of Oleg of Chernigov Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” There were periods in the history of the Kyiv principality when, under a strong and skillful ruler, it achieved certain successes and partially regained its former authority. This happened at the end of the 12th century. with the grandson of Oleg of Chernigov Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Chernigov was one of the largest Russian cities. A powerful nobility formed here, based on patrimonial land ownership. The Principality of Chernigov developed a special relationship with the Polovtsians. Oleg Svyatoslavovich, who became the founder of the dynasty of Chernigov princes, was friends with the Polovtsians, and they often helped him in the fight against Vladimir Monomakh.
. After the death of Oleg, and then his brothers, the estate in Chernigov passed into the hands of Vsevolod Olgovich, Oleg’s other sons “sat” in other cities of the Chernigov principality. It was then that Svyatoslav Olgovich, the father of Prince Igor, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” established himself in the Seversk land. Throughout the second half of the 12th century. The Chernigov princes actively fought with the descendants of Monomakh for the Kyiv throne. . After the death of Oleg, and then his brothers, the estate in Chernigov passed into the hands of Vsevolod Olgovich, Oleg’s other sons “sat” in other cities of the Chernigov principality. It was then that Svyatoslav Olgovich, the father of Prince Igor, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” established himself in the Seversk land. Throughout the second half of the 12th century. The Chernigov princes actively fought with the descendants of Monomakh for the Kyiv throne.
Conclusions The period of fragmentation in Rus' begins in the 30s of the 12th century, after the death of Mstislav the Great in 1132. Another date for the beginning of the period of fragmentation is called 1136 - the year of the founding of the Novgorod Republic. The reasons for the collapse were the expansion of the princely family, the economic growth of cities, and the temporary absence of external danger. The collapse had both negative and positive aspects and was a natural process.
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Plan:
- Introduction
- 1. History
- 2
Destinations of the Chernigov principality
- 2.1 Novgorod-Seversk Principality
- 2.2 Bryansk Principality
- 3 Russian princely families originating from the Principality of Chernigov
- 4 See also
Introduction
Principality of Chernigov- one of the largest and strongest state entities Kievan Rus in the XI-XIII centuries. Most of the Chernigov principality was located on the left bank of the Dnieper in the basin of the Desna and Seim rivers. The principality was inhabited by northerners and, partly, by glades. Later his possessions spread to the lands of the Radimichi, as well as the Vyatichi and Dregovichi. The capital of the principality was the city of Chernigov. Other significant cities were Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Bryansk, Putivl, Kursk, Lyubech, Glukhov, Chechersk and Gomel. The possessions and influence of the Chernigov principality reached deep to the north, including the Murom-Ryazan lands, as well as to the southeast, to the Tmutarakan principality.
Until the 11th century, the principality was governed by local tribal elders and governors from Kyiv, appointed by the Grand Duke to collect taxes from the population, resolve litigation, and also to protect the principality from external enemies, mainly nomads.
At the end of the 11th and 12th centuries, the principality was divided into a number of fiefs. In 1239 it was devastated by the Mongol-Tatars and soon broke up into a number of independent principalities, of which Bryansk became the most influential. From 1401 to 1503 - as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1. History
Rus' in the 12th century
The city of Chernigov was first mentioned in chronicles in 907, where it talks about the peace treaty of Prince Oleg with the Greeks, and it was made the first city after Kyiv. In 1024, Chernigov was captured by the Prince of Tmutarakan Mstislav Vladimirovich, who reigned there until his death in 1036. His only son, Eustathius, died childless before his father and Chernigov was again annexed to Kyiv. The Grand Duke of Kiev Yaroslav the Wise, shortly before his death, assigned appanages to his sons, of whom the second, Svyatoslav, received Chernigov (1054). The unbroken line of Chernigov princes begins with him. The next independent prince was Svyatoslav's eldest son Davyd, after whom, by right of seniority, the Chernigov throne passed in 1123 to Yaroslav, who was expelled by his own nephew Vsevolod Olgovich in 1127. Thus, the Chernigov principality remained in the possession of the descendants of two princes - Davyd and Oleg Svyatoslavich. The elder line, the Davydovich line, ceased with the death in 1166 of the great-grandson of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince Svyatoslav Vladimirovich. The younger line - the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavich (“Gorislavich” - according to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), that is, the line of the Olgovichs, was divided into two branches: the elder - the descendants of Vsevolod Olgovich, and the younger - the descendants of Svyatoslav Olgovich.
After the death of Oleg Seversky in 1180, both branches acted as a united front, first led by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, then with Vsevolod Svyatoslavich. During this period, the Olgovichs managed to temporarily take possession of the Kyiv, Galician, Volyn, Novgorod principalities, mainly in the fight against the Smolensk Rostislavichs, with whom, however, they together went to Kalka (1223). During the Mongol invasion, the specific center of the land of Kozelsk offered the most stubborn resistance to the Mongols (only Kyiv resisted the Mongols longer among the Russian cities), and two years later the Chernigov-Seversk land turned out to be the main target of the conquerors. The battle near the capital was lost, Chernigov and the cities of Posemya were destroyed, but the Mongols postponed their campaign against Kyiv and the Galicia-Volyn principality for another year.
After the death of Mikhail Vsevolodovich in 1246, the Chernigov appanages were assigned to individual dynasties: Bryansk, Novosilsky, Karachevsky and Tarussky. Bryansk became the actual capital of the Chernigov-Seversk land, since the defeat of Chernigov by Mongol-Tatar troops no longer allowed it to perform capital functions. The Bryansk princes, as a rule, were simultaneously titled as the Grand Dukes of Chernigov. In the 14th century, the formation of fiefs continued: in addition to those mentioned above, the principalities arose: Mosalsky, Volkonsky, Mezetsky, Myshetsky, Zvenigorod and others; The Novosilsk principality splits into Vorotynskoye, Odoevskoye and Belevskoye.
In the first years of the 14th century, the Smolensk princely dynasty was established in Bryansk through a dynastic marriage, and until the capture in 1357 by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd, there was a struggle between the Smolensk and Bryansk princes, complicated by the intervention of the Tatars. Under Lithuanian rule, the principality maintained autonomous governance for several decades; The last Prince of Bryansk and Grand Duke of Chernigov was Roman Mikhailovich. Subsequently, he was the Lithuanian governor in Smolensk, where in 1401 he was killed by rebel townspeople. By the end of the 15th century, most of the appanage principalities in the Chernigov-Seversk land were liquidated and the corresponding territories belonged directly to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who installed his governors in the cities.
Owners of small Chernigov principalities in different time They lost their independence and became serving princes under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The largest of them (the Novosilsk princes) retained complete internal autonomy from Lithuania and their relations with Vilna were determined by agreements (terminations), the smaller ones lost part of their princely rights and approached the status of ordinary patrimonial owners.
In the middle of the 15th century, part of the southern Russian lands, on which appanages had already been liquidated, was granted by the Lithuanian princes to princes descended from the Moscow grand ducal family and who fled to Lithuania. Thus, several appanage principalities were restored in the Seversk land: Rylskoye and Novgorod-Severskoye (descendants of Dmitry Shemyaka), Bryansk (descendants of Ivan Andreevich Mozhaisky), Pinskoye (descendants of Ivan Vasilyevich Serpukhovsky).
The descendants of many of the appanage Chernigov-Seversk princes at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries returned to Moscow jurisdiction (Vorotynsky, Odoevsky, Belevsky, Mosalsky and others), while retaining their possessions and using (until the middle of the 16th century, when the appanages were liquidated in Moscow, existing on the territory of the Chernigov-Seversk land) with the status of serving princes. Many of them became the founders of the Russian princely families that still exist today.
2. Destinations of the Chernigov principality
- Novgorod-Seversk Principality
- Principality of Kursk
- Principality of Putivl
- Bryansk Principality
- Trubchevsky Principality
- Glukhov Principality
- Principality of Ustiv
- Novosilsk Principality
- Principality of Karachev
- Rila Principality
- Lipovichi Principality
- Obolensky Principality
2.1. Novgorod-Seversk Principality
Before the Mongol invasion, Novgorod-Seversky was the second most important princely center in the Chernigov-Seversky land after Chernigov. After the Mongol invasion, the principality disintegrated, part of the lands went to the Bryansk principality, the southern outskirts were subjected to repeated devastation and partially went to the Kyiv principality (Putivl) and partially came under the direct control of the Golden Horde (Kursk). The northernmost appanage of the Novgorod-Seversky principality, Trubchevsk, remained important.
2.2. Bryansk Principality
After the Mongol invasion, Bryansk became the political center of all Chernigov-Seversky lands, although the southern and eastern princely centers were assigned to individual lines of the Olgovichi. Starodub was also an important princely center of the Bryansk Principality.
3. Russian princely families originating from the Principality of Chernigov
- Belevskys
- Vorotynsky
- Odoevsky
- Mosalsky
- Koltsov-Mosalskie
- Oginsky
- Puzyna
- Gorchakovs
- Yeletskys
- Zvenigorodsky
- Bolkhovsky
- Volkonsky
- Baryatinsky
- Myshetsky
- Obolensky
- Repnins
- Tyufyakins
- Dolgorukovs
- Shcherbatovs
- Kromsky
4. See also
- List of princes of Chernigov
- Olgovichi
This abstract is based on an article from Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/09/11 11:55:56
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SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-WESTERN RUSSIAN PRINCIPALITIES.Material for independent work and project activities
Questions in the text of the paragraph
1. How geographical location and natural conditions affected the peculiarities of the development of various Russian principalities?
Natural conditions and the availability of natural resources influenced the development of various Russian lands. Fertile soils influenced the development of agriculture. The lack of arable land led to the development of handicrafts. Natural resources and craft technologies in each region determined trade relations and how this or that principality made money.
2. What circumstances contributed to the decrease in the importance of Kyiv?
In the 12th century, Kievan Rus disintegrated into independent principalities. The principalities arose their own nobility, which was more profitable to have their own prince defending their rights than to support the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The land of Kyiv, which transformed from a metropolis into a “simple” principality, was characterized by a steady decrease political role. The territory of the land itself, which remained under the control of the Kyiv prince, was also constantly decreasing. One of the economic factors that undermined the city's power was a change in international trade communications. The path “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which was the core of the Old Russian state, lost its relevance after the Crusades. Europe and the East were now connected by bypassing Kyiv (through the Mediterranean Sea and through the Volga trade route). In 1169, as a result of the campaign of a coalition of 10 princes, acting on the initiative of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, Kyiv, for the first time in the practice of princely strife, was taken by storm and plundered, and for the first time the prince who took possession of the city did not remain to reign in it. Andrei was recognized as the eldest and bore the title of Grand Duke, but made no attempt to sit in Kyiv. Thus, the traditional connection between the reign of Kyiv and the recognition of eldership in the princely family became optional. Being a natural phenomenon, fragmentation contributed to the dynamic economic development Russian lands: the growth of cities, the flourishing of culture. On the other hand, fragmentation led to a decrease in defense potential, which coincided with an unfavorable foreign policy situation. By the beginning of the 13th century, in addition to the Polovtsian danger (which was declining, since after 1185 the Cumans did not undertake invasions of Rus' outside the framework of Russian civil strife), Rus' was faced with aggression from two other directions. Enemies appeared in the northwest: Catholic German Orders and Lithuanian tribes, which had entered the stage of disintegration of the tribal system, threatened Polotsk, Pskov, Novgorod and Smolensk. In 1237-1240 there was a Mongol-Tatar invasion from the southeast, after which the Russian lands fell under the rule of the Golden Horde.
Questions and tasks for working with text
1. What influenced the development of the Principality of Kyiv inXII - beginningXIII century?
Despite the political fragmentation of the state, the Principality of Kiev initially retained special position. The idea of Kyiv as the capital of the state, of the primacy of the Kyiv prince, still remained. The residence of the Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Rus' was also located in Kyiv. Therefore, formally Kyiv was the main city of Rus'. Various princes fought for him. At the call of the Grand Duke, the Galician, Volyn, Turov, Smolensk, Chernigov, Seversky, Pereyaslavl and other principalities sent their troops to protect him from the nomads.
2. What were the features of the history of the Chernigov and Smolensk principalities in the 12th - early 13th centuries?
3. Compare the geographical, natural and climatic conditions and features of the development of the Galicia-Volyn and Vladimir-Suzdal lands. How did they influence the history of these lands?
Galicia-Volyn land- the southwestern outskirts of Rus', located at the foothills of the Carpathians. Fertile soils, forest-steppe zones, absence of large rivers, mountain ranges (Carpathians). Warm summers and mild winters. Arable farming. Successful development of hunting, fishing and crafts. Salt mining (rich salt deposits). Busy trade routes passed through Southwestern Rus' - to the Danube, to the center and south of Europe, to Byzantium. This contributed to the growth of cities. The relative distance from the nomads attracted the population of the southeastern lands here.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality- northeast of Rus'. A wooded area rich in animals, mushrooms and berries, a lot of fertile land in the field, a network of rivers rich in fish and the absence of the danger of raids by steppe inhabitants are natural conditions favorable for the creation of a rich principality. Being at the intersection of trade routes (along the Oka and Volga rivers) is a favorable geographical location.
Both the Galicia-Volyn principality and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality had favorable natural conditions and geographical position that ensured an increase in prosperity, the development of agriculture and handicrafts, trade and were quite safe from Polovtsian raids.
4. In what areas of life of the Galicia-Volyn principality was the proximity of Western European countries especially affected? What are the consequences?
Working with the map
Show on the map the territories of Kyiv, Chernigov, Smolensk, Galicia-Volyn lands. What other lands and states did they border with? By what rivers could one get from one of these principalities to other Russian principalities?
Principality of Kiev (Orange color) bordered on the Galicia-Volyn principality, Turovo-Pinsk, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities, as well as on the lands of the Polovtsians. It was possible to get to other Russian principalities from the Principality of Kyiv along the Dnieper River.
Principality of Chernigov(blue color) bordered on the Pereyaslavl, Kyiv, Turovo-Pinsk, Polotsk, Smolensk, Vladimir-Suzdal and Murom-Ryazan principalities. The main navigable rivers in it were: the Dnieper, Desna, Oka and Don.
Principality of Smolensk(dark pink color) bordered Vladimir-Suzdal, Chernigov, Principality of Polotsk and with the Novgorod land. The Smolensk principality was connected with other Russian principalities by the rivers: Dnieper, Desna, Moskva River, Volga and Western Dvina.
Galicia-Volyn land(bright gray color) bordered on the Principality of Polotsk, the Turov-Pinsk, Kyiv Principalities, as well as the lands of the Polovtsians, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Poland, the lands of the Prussians and the Principality of Lithuania. The main rivers of the principality were the Vistula, Dnieper, Dniester, Prut, Tisa.
Working with the document
This chronicle church of St. John Chrysostom was a real work of art. He demonstrated the greatness and beauty of the faith, the wealth and influence of the prince.
2. Using the Internet, find out the name of the alloy from which the temple floor was cast.
An alloy of copper and tin is called bronze.
We think, compare, reflect
1. Using the text of the textbook and the Internet, create a family tree (genealogical) from Rurik to the Chernigov prince Oleg Svyatoslavich.
2. Using the Internet and further reading, compile a chronicle of the life of Prince Daniil Galitsky in a notebook.
Daniil Romanovich - Prince of Galicia in 1205-1206, 1211-1212, 1229-1231, 1233-1235 and 1238-1264, Prince of Volyn in 1215-1229, 1231-1233 and 1235-1238, Grand Duke Kiev (1240), king of Rus' from 1254, politician, diplomat and commander, son of Roman Mstislavich (from the senior branch of the Monomakhovichs).
- Born in 1201
- After the death of his father in 1205, he became a Galician prince, but at the same time lost his throne.
- From 1215 he reigned in Volyn and by 1231 he completed the unification of the Volyn lands.
- In 1223 he took part in the battle on the Kalka River against the Mongol-Tatars.
- In 1230 and finally in 1238, Daniil Romanovich took possession of Galich, transferring Volyn to his brother Vasilko Romanovich, and then occupied Kyiv (1240). Waging a stubborn struggle against the dominance of large landowner boyars, Daniil relied on small service people and the urban population. He promoted the development of cities, attracting artisans and merchants. Under him, Kholm, Lviv, Ugrovesk were built, Dorogichin was renovated. During the reign of Daniel, the Galicia-Volyn principality was subjected to the Mongol invasion (1240-1241).
- In 1245, in the Battle of Yaroslavl, Daniel's troops defeated the regiments of Hungarian and Polish feudal lords and Galician boyars, which ended his 40-year struggle for his father's inheritance. Daniil Galitsky intervened in the war for the Austrian ducal throne and in the early 1250s achieved recognition of the rights to it for his son Roman. Counting on Western allies in the confrontation with the Horde, he agreed to accept the royal title from the Pope in 1253. The reign of Daniil Romanovich was a period of greatest economic and cultural growth and political strengthening of Galician-Volyn Rus.
- Died in 1264.
3. Suggest a title for a documentary film that would be based on the materials in the paragraph.
"Rus before the Mongol-Tatar invasion"
We repeat and draw conclusions
1. What are the reasons for fragmentation in Rus'? Is it possible to talk about the similarity of the reasons for the onset of the period of fragmentation in Rus' and in the countries Western Europe?
- The growth of feudal land ownership and the development of appanage, princely-boyar land ownership;
- Subsistence farming is the ability of small principalities and boyar estates to provide themselves with everything they need;
- The ability of fortified fortress cities - centers of appanage lands - to independently defend themselves from enemies;
- The struggle for power between princes - feudal strife;
- Constant raids by nomads, which led to a decline in trade, the actual closure of trade routes and an outflow of population to the northeastern lands of Rus';
- The Polovtsians received the right to plunder Russian lands as payment for helping the princes in the internecine struggle.
The established order of government was also one of the political reasons for the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. Each land had its own veche, had its own elected government, and its own people’s militia. Under these conditions, the princely sons, who became governors of the lands, began to feel independent, capable of ruling independently, without Kyiv. The complex order of succession to the Kyiv throne so confused the relations of the princes that the princes who ruled in certain lands sought to consolidate their power in this land and pass it on to their children by inheritance, rather than waste their energy fighting for Kyiv.
The reasons for the onset of a period of fragmentation in Rus' and in Western European countries are almost the same.
2. What were the main positive and negative consequences the onset of a period of fragmentation in Rus'?
| Positive | Negative |
|
|
3. Compare the features of the development of significant Russian lands during the period of fragmentation.
| Southwestern Rus' | North-Eastern Rus' | Northwestern Rus' |
| The boyars were an influential force, and the princes, in order to maintain their power, had to reckon with their will | The princes tried to strengthen their power and took less into account the opinion of the boyars | Republican form of government. The princes were invited to the veche, entered into an agreement with Novgorod and were limited in their rights |
| Fertile lands, mild climate, international trade, distance from territories subject to Polovtsian raids, proximity to Western European countries. | Fertile lands in the field, natural protection from enemies, a large influx of working craft population. | Infertile lands, developed handicrafts and international trade, vast territories rich in furs. |
| Relations with the countries of Western Europe had consequences in the political, spiritual and cultural spheres of life. | The diversity of cultural traditions, the architecture is monumental and majestic. | The cultural traditions are utilitarian, the architecture is practical, simple and understandable. |
4. Name the most significant rulers of various Russian principalities.
- Vladimir-Suzdal Principality: Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest
- Novgorod land: there were a lot of princes, but they did not play a significant role in the development of the land.
- Principality of Chernigov: Oleg Svyatoslavich, Yaroslav Svyatoslavich
- Principality of Smolensk: Rostislav Mstislavich
- Galicia-Volyn Principality: Roman Mstislavich, Daniil Romanovich
Possible questions during the lesson
Principality of Kiev
1. How did the territory of the Principality of Kyiv change in the second half of the 12th century?
In the second half of the 12th century, the Pereyaslyavsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities emerged from the Kyiv principality, and part of the lands went to the Volyn principality.
2. What factors led to the decrease in the importance of Kyiv?
The principalities arose their own nobility, which was more profitable to have their own prince defending their rights than to support the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The land of Kyiv, which had transformed from a metropolis into a “simple” principality, was characterized by a steady decline in its political role. The territory of the land itself, which remained under the control of the Kyiv prince, was also constantly decreasing. One of the economic factors that undermined the city's power was a change in international trade communications. The path “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which was the core of the Old Russian state, lost its relevance after the Crusades. Europe and the East were now connected by bypassing Kyiv (through the Mediterranean Sea and through the Volga trade route). In 1169, as a result of the campaign of a coalition of 10 princes, acting on the initiative of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, Kyiv, for the first time in the practice of princely strife, was taken by storm and plundered, and for the first time the prince who took possession of the city did not remain to reign in it. Andrei was recognized as the eldest and bore the title of Grand Duke, but made no attempt to sit in Kyiv. Thus, the traditional connection between the reign of Kyiv and the recognition of eldership in the princely family became optional.
Thus, the strengthening of boyar estates, the economic and political role of individual territories, the loss of the importance of the trade route, strife and raids of the Polovtsians became the reasons for the reluctance of individual territories to submit to the authority of Kyiv and, as a consequence, the decrease in the importance of Kyiv.
3. How did patrimonial land ownership develop in the Principality of Kiev?
There were many boyar estates in the Principality of Kiev. Their centers were fortified castles with a large number of inhabitants and armed squads.
4. Who defended the southern borders of the Principality of Kyiv during this period?
To protect against the Cumans, they hired other steppe peoples who had been driven out of the steppe by the Cumans. They were called "black hoods" and they carried border service on the southern and southeastern borders of the principality.
5. Why did the process of ruining Kyiv continue?
The continuous struggle of the princes for the Kiev throne led to the ruin of Kyiv.
Principality of Chernigov
1. What were the features of the development of the Chernigov principality in the 12th - early 13th centuries?
The Chernigov principality was one of the most powerful and economically strong in Rus'. The abundance of fertile lands, developed crafts and international trade were the features of this principality. Chernigov was also one of the church centers of Rus'. The bishop's residence was located here.
2. Why was the Chernigov principality considered one of the most powerful and economically strong in Rus'?
The abundance of fertile lands, developed handicrafts and well-established international trade made the Chernigov principality one of the most powerful and economically strong in Rus'.
3. What was the basis of its economy?
Developed crafts were the basis of the economy of the Chernigov principality.
4. Why did the Chernigov principality become a center of trade?
Due to its geographical location Chernigov was one of the important centers of trade in Rus'. Chernigov goods were traded not only in Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, Galich, but also in many European countries.
5. Who was the founder of the Chernigov princely dynasty? Give a description of his activities.
The founder of the Chernigov princely dynasty was Oleg Svyatoslavich. He was not only a brave warrior, but also a skilled diplomat. He was one of the first in Rus' to establish allied relations with the Polovtsians.
6. Why did the collapse of the Chernigov principality begin?
After the death of Oleg Svyatoslavich, the principality gradually began to lose its former influence. The Chernigov princes of the Olgovich dynasty got involved in a civil war, supporting first one or another contender, which resulted in repeated devastation of the Chernigov lands. The Murom-Ryazan principality was the first to separate, then a number of other lands.
Principality of Smolensk
1. What were the features of the development of the Smolensk principalities in the 12th - early 13th centuries?
The Smolensk principality conducted active international trade, had trade connections throughout Rus', and the Smolensk princes actively participated in strife.
2. Which dynasty established itself in the Smolensk principality?
The dynasty of the descendants of Mstislav the Great was established in the Smolensk principality.
3. What role did the Smolensk princes play in the history of Rus'?
The Smolensk princes took an active part in strife in neighboring lands and more than once occupied the Kiev throne.
4. With what lands did Smolensk merchants trade?
Merchants from Smolensk traded throughout all Russian lands and in other countries. Free trade agreements between Smolensk and the German states have been preserved.
5. Against whom did the Smolensk princes make campaigns?
The Smolensk princes, together with other princes, carried out campaigns against the Polovtsians.
Galicia-Volyn Principality
1. Give a description of the Galicia-Volyn principality
| Index | Characteristic |
| Territory | Galicia-Volyn land is the southwestern outskirts of Rus', located at the foothills of the Carpathians |
| Natural and climatic conditions | Fertile soils, forest-steppe zones, absence of large rivers, mountain ranges (Carpathians). Warm summers and mild winters |
| Economy | Arable farming. Successful development of hunting, fishing and crafts. Salt mining (rich salt deposits). Busy trade routes passed through Southwestern Rus' - to the Danube, to the center and south of Europe, to Byzantium. This contributed to the growth of cities. The relative distance from the nomads attracted the population of the southeastern lands here |
| Main cities | Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Lutsk, Buzhsk, Cherven, Belz, Pinsk, Przemysl, Berestye (in Volyn) |
| Peculiarities political devices |
Patrimonial land ownership. The rich and independent boyars constantly sought to weaken the princely power. The Galicia-Volyn land was constantly in a state of feudal unrest and princely strife. The proximity of European states led to the fact that these states often intervened in princely and boyar strife; Poles, Hungarians, and Cumans robbed the local population |
| Prominent political figures | Prince Yaroslav Osmysl fought with the boyars to strengthen his power. Under him, the Galician principality flourished. In 1199, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to unite Volyn and Galich. In 1202 he became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. Roman Mstislavich managed to stop boyar strife during his reign and intensify foreign policy. Daniil Galitsky, after several years of struggle, was able to restore princely power. The Pope gave him the title of King of Rus' |
| Features of cultural development | The development of the culture of the Galician-Volyn principality was influenced by both eastern and western cultural traditions. Chronicle writing (“Galician-Volyn Chronicle”) was developed, stone construction, ceramics, painting |
2. How did geographical and climatic conditions influence the development of the Galicia-Volyn land?
The Galician-Volyn principality was located on the southwestern outskirts of Rus', at the foothills of the Carpathians. Warm summers, mild winters, an abundance of fertile arable land, proximity to the Hungarian, Polish kingdoms and the Principality of Lithuania, rich salt deposits, busy trade routes to the center and south of Europe - all this influenced the development of the Galician-Volyn land.
3. In what areas of life of the Galicia-Volyn principality was the proximity of Western European countries especially affected?
The proximity of Western European countries affected the political, economic, spiritual and cultural spheres of life in the Galicia-Volyn principality. Based on common all-Russian roots, the principality was open to the influence of both Eastern and Western cultural traditions.
4. What consequences did this have?
The proximity to Western Europe was reflected in the religious influence on culture from Catholicism. Many buildings had features characteristic of Western European architecture. Neighborhood with the countries of Western Europe was also manifested in political and military interaction. Various political groups in Poland and Hungary intervened in the struggle for the princely throne. The principality had to fight even outside its lands. The spiritual interaction of the Galicia-Volyn principality with the West was also manifested in the fact that the Pope, trying to strengthen Catholic influence on the principality, granted the Galician-Volyn prince the title of King of Rus'.
Summing up the lesson. Reflection
1. What roads did the main political centers of Rus' choose during the period of feudal fragmentation?
Homework
1. Prepare a report about one of the political leaders of Rus' in the mid-XII - early XIII centuries.
Roman Mstislavich is one of the most prominent princes of the late era of Kievan Rus. It was he who managed, at a historical turning point, to create the foundation of a new type of state, close to a centralized estate-representative monarchy. At that time, Kyiv had already lost its role as the center of a large and strong state, small fragments of which were just beginning to form. But one of the first successors to rise from the ruins of the Old Russian state was the Principality of Galicia-Volyn. He managed to become a Novgorod prince, thoroughly rise as a Volyn prince, then, having received the Principality of Galicia, unite them into one state, and even become the ruler of Kyiv for a short time. But the most distinctive thing about his reign was the attempt to establish a federal structure in Rus', which had long been gaining momentum in Western Europe.
Roman belonged to the family of the Rurikovich dynasty ruling in Rus'. His great-great-grandfather was Vladimir Monomakh. On the side of his mother, Polish Princess Agnes, Roman Mstilavich was the grandson of the Polish prince Boleslav III “Krivoroty”, as well as the nephew of the subsequent four rulers of Poland. Almost nothing is known about the childhood and youth of Roman Mstislavich. Since the mother of Roman Mstislavich was a Polish princess, Roman, according to the testimony of Polish chroniclers, was brought up in Poland.
In 1170, after the death of his father, Roman reigned in Vladimir-Volynsky. In those days, Roman Mstislavich waged an active civil war. Alliances with other princes were short-lived and often recent allies (and sometimes blood relatives) met on the battlefield. The first attempts to annex the Galician lands to Volyn were made by Roman Mstislavich back in the 80s. Even then, a strong confrontation between the boyars and Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich of Galicia ended in the expulsion of the latter, and Roman managed to come to an agreement with the boyars and settle in Galich in 1188. Having strengthened the neighboring principality and getting firmly on his feet, Roman managed by hook or by crook and even military confrontation to reverse the discontent of the local elite. The boyars' feuds could have prevented this, and for a long time they did not give the prince peace. But nevertheless, the unification took place, and Roman managed to strengthen the princely power. And a new state appeared on the map, which gradually grew. Prince Roman Mstislavich, with his strong character and unshakable rule, strengthened it and laid the foundation for the strong policy of his heirs.
It just so happened that the contenders for Galich always turned their attention to the Kiev throne. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich took Kyiv by storm. For Poland, Roman Mstislavich also played an important and friendly role. His military assistance helped Casimir the Just take Krakow. In response to his support, Roman could count on the help of the Poles, who, in turn, provided the forces for Roman’s complete conquest of the Galician lands.
At the beginning of the 13th century, relations between Roman Mstislavich and the Poles deteriorated sharply. There were some machinations of the boyars here. All this led to the fact that, according to the Suzdal Chronicle, in 1205 Roman Msitslavich went on a campaign against Poland and took two Polish cities. But not far from the city of Zavikhost, on June 19, 1205, the Poles unexpectedly surrounded and killed the prince.
“The period of feudal fragmentation in Rus'” - The main branch of the economy. Velikiy Novgorod. Rus' during the period of feudal fragmentation. He strove for church independence. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Nomad raids. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Lyubech Congress. Daniil (Romanovich) Galitsky. Peculiarities. Russian land. Consequences. Causes. Principalities of Rus'.
“The beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state” - “The Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.” Basic concepts. Princely strife undermined the defense capability of Rus'. The beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state Barkhatova Anastasia. Polovtsian threat. The Polovtsian threat and the collapse of the Yaroslavich union. Lyubech Congress of Princes. Moral testament of Yaroslav. Lyubech Congress of Princes and its results.
“Political fragmentation” - His father’s policy was continued by his son, Daniel.” Assignment: determine the positive and negative consequences of the fragmentation of Rus'. The mild climate here favored the development of arable farming. Numerous forestry and fishing industries developed successfully, and skilled artisans worked. Appointed officials.
“Fragmentation of Rus'” - Death of Svyatoslav. The calling of Vladimir Monomakh to the great reign, bypassing seniority. Establishing a close connection between the prince and his principality. Russian principalities in the XII–XIII centuries. Pereyaslavl. Suspension of the collapse of Rus'. Svyatopolk. Yaroslav the Wise. Could Rus' have avoided fragmentation? The desire of Davyd Igorevich to expand his possessions at the expense of Galicia.
“The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state” - Working with the document. Development of the Old Russian state. Our villages are empty. Get acquainted with the events of the history of the Old Russian state. Vsevolod. Oleg Svyatoslavovich. Polovtsian hordes. Characteristics of the historical figure Vladimir Monomakh. Live in love for each other. Information about childhood. Crusade.
“Kievan Rus of the 12th-13th centuries” - 1174 - boyar conspiracy, murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. Andrey Bogolyubsky (1111 – 1174). Rostov. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Vsevolod the Big Nest (1154–1212). Dmitry Solunsky. Yury Dolgoruky. Konstantin Vsevolodovich (1186–1218). Construction of the Moscow Kremlin under Yuri Dolgoruky. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
There are a total of 15 presentations in the topic
