One of the most important trips in the region was the expedition of R. Maak. She was discussed above. With the formation in 1851 of the Siberian Department of the IRGS, it began to serve as the organizing and methodological center for most expeditions to study the productive forces of this territory. Later, a network of departments appeared; the West Siberian department was formed in 1877, the Amur department in 1894 and the Yakut department in 1913. The regions of the Baikal region, Transbaikalia, the Ussuri Territory, and less often the northern regions attracted particular attention of researchers.
In 1849-1852. in the southeastern part of Siberia, a topographic expedition under the command of N.Kh. Akhte. Its result was new maps of Baikal (1850) and Transbaikalia (1852). A member of the expedition, mining engineer N.G. Meglitsky discovered deposits of lead and silver.
In 1855-1859. in Transbaikalia, a detachment of L.E. Schwartz, who participated in the Akhte expedition as an astronomer. Based on the materials of the expedition, Schwartz compiled a detailed and accurate map of the southern part of Eastern Siberia. On it, in particular, a new ridge with alpine landforms appeared. It was named after one of the topographers, Lieutenant I.S. Kryzhina. Naturalist G.I. Radde on a boat made a circular detour of Lake Baikal and discovered a number of organisms unknown until that time. The name of Radde is associated with the study of Gusinoye Lake, the ascent to the highest point of the Sayan - Mount Munku-Sardyk (3492 m), the establishment of the asymmetry of its slopes in terms of steepness and the peculiarities of the distribution of vegetation. He discovered the first glacier in the Eastern Sayan.
In 1862, a young graduate of the page corps arrived in Eastern Siberia, a prince who neglected his court career. Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin(1842-1921). He joined the study of a little-studied region. The first journey was made by Kropotkin in 1863 along the Shilka and the Amur up to its lower reaches. In the spring of the following year, Kropotkin crossed the Greater Khingan and traveled almost incognito through Manchuria, discovering and describing for the first time two cones of extinct volcanoes. In summer and autumn, he explored the banks of the Amur, Ussuri and Sungari to the city of Girin.
In 1865, P. A. Kropotkin worked in the southern Baikal region and in the Eastern Sayan. In the Tunka basin, he discovered two volcanic cones and a lava cover erupted by them in the Quaternary period. He described the lava plateau in the upper reaches of the Oka River (a tributary of the Irkut), revealed hot mineral springs, witnesses of troubled bowels. On the Oka plateau, Kropotkin noted traces of ancient glaciation.
In 1866 Kropotkin, together with the biologist I.S. Polyakov, laid out a route from the Olekminsky-Vitimsky gold mines to Chita in order to find a convenient cattle route. The Patom Highlands and one of its ranges, later named by V.A. The hoop name of Kropotkin, a system of steep-walled ridges (grooms said that they climb to “submit a petition to God”), named by Kropotkin Delyun-Uransky, North-Muysky and South-Muysky, Vitim Plateau. Traveling impressions and data from other researchers allowed Kropotkin to create a new, more perfect idea of the orography of Asia. New evidence was obtained about the past glaciation of Transbaikalia. Kropotkin also expressed original ideas about the origin of the Baikal Basin.
In 1865, mining engineer I.A. Lopatin, who discovered traces of recent volcanism and forms associated with the widespread development of permafrost. In 1867-1868. Lopatin conducted a complex of geological studies on Sakhalin. In 1871, Lopatin continued the study of the trap covers of the Central Siberian Plateau, begun by Chekanovsky, going up the Podkamennaya Tunguska River for 600 km.
Since 1869, mining-geological and geographical research in Eastern Siberia was carried out Alexander Lavrentievich Chekanovsky(1833-1876), exiled to Siberia in connection with the Polish uprising of 1863. At the request of Academician F.B. Schmidt Chekanovsky was placed at the disposal of the Siberian Department of the Geographical Society. Since 1869, on the instructions of the department, he has completed a number of routes along the Irkutsk basin, the Baikal region, and the Eastern Sayan. But he obtained the most significant results in studying the basins of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Olenek rivers. Within three years (1872-1875), he was the first to describe in detail the lava covers of the Central Siberian Plateau with table-like relief forms separated by terraced ledges of river valleys, which, in turn, are associated with outcrops of layers of igneous rocks; mineral. According to F.B. Schmidt, Chekanovsky's expedition was "the richest in geological results that have ever been active in Siberia" up to that time. In the lower reaches of the Olenek, Chekanovsky discovered and preserved for posterity the grave of the Pronchishchevs, who gave their young lives to the study of the north. In the area of the mouth of the Lena River, Chekanovsky singled out two asymmetric ridges; now these ridges bear the names of Pronchishchev and Chekanovsky. The life of Alexander Lavrentievich ended tragically. Released under an amnesty in 1875, he left for St. Petersburg, began to process the collected huge material, but during an attack of mental illness in the autumn of the following year he committed suicide.
Junior comrade Chekanovsky Ivan Dementievich (Jan Domenik) Tersky(1845 -1892), who also ended up in Siberia against his will, received the basics of field research from G.N. Potanin, Chekanovsky and other travelers. Since 1873, he conducted a complex of studies in Baikal and the Baikal region, established observations on changes in the level of the lake in its individual sections, which made it possible to judge various tectonic movements, compiled a geological map of the lake's shoreline and published a detailed report on the studies performed. Chersky used the research data in compiling two volumes of supplements to K. Ritter's Geoscience of Asia.
In 1885, Chersky, on behalf of the Academy of Sciences, carried out geological observations along the Siberian tract, identified two altitudinal levels of the area: to the east of the Yenisei valley and to the west of it.
For five years, Ivan Dementievich lived with his family in St. Petersburg, processed materials from his collections, paleontological collections of other researchers. In 1891, on his own initiative, Chersky led the Kolyma expedition of the Academy. In addition to him, the expedition included his wife, a faithful companion in a number of his travels, Mavra Pavlovna, and 12-year-old son Alexander. Difficult way through the whole country, Yakutsk, Oymyakon... In September 1891 we reached Verkhne-Kolymsk. The transferred influenza and severe wintering undermined the health of the expedition leader. Nevertheless, with the beginning of navigation, Chersky went down the Kolyma in a boat, describing the geological outcrops along its shores. When the strength began to leave the researcher, Mavra Pavlovna took over the main work. One cannot but marvel at the courage and devotion to duty of these people. Feeling that the disease had become irreversible, Chersky prepared a will. Here is its content: “In the event of my death, wherever she finds me, the expedition led by my wife Mavra Pavlovna Cherskaya must still sail to Nizhne-Kolymsk this summer, engaged mainly in zoological and botanical collections and permits. solving those of the geological questions that are available to my wife. Otherwise, if the expedition of 1892 did not take place in the event of my death, the Academy would have to suffer large monetary losses and damage in scientific results; and on me, or rather on my name, still unsullied by anything, falls the whole burden of failure. Only after the expedition returns back to Sredne-Kolymsk should it be considered completed. And only then should the surrender of the remainder of the expeditionary amount and expeditionary property ”(Quoted by: Shumilov, 1998. P. 158) - July 7, 1892, Ivan Dementievich died. Mavra Pavlovna completed the rest of the expedition's program, delivered to Irkutsk its materials and collected collections, handed over them and unspent money to the person responsible for geological work in Siberia, E.V. Toll... How I would like the meaning of this deed of the Cherskys to reach the consciousness of those who settle in science, and do not live for science!
M.P. Cherskaya returned to St. Petersburg, then moved to relatives in Vitebsk. The last years, 1936-1940, she lived in Rostov-on-Don. Her son Alexander Chersky became, like his father, a traveler-zoologist, worked in the Far East, died on the Commander Islands.
Between the rivers Indigirka and Kolyma, Chersky on the route map outlined the beginning of three unknown mountain ranges. Described in 1927 by S.V. Obruchev, they made up the now well-known ridge (more precisely, the highlands) of Chersky.
Among the Polish exiles, Benedikt Dybowski and Viktor Godlevsky left a good memory in the study of Siberia. They carefully studied the organic life of Baikal, established its species richness and endemicity. They determined the main ecological parameters of the lake, including the depth of the lake, the temperature and density of water at all horizons. Dybovsky and Godlevsky conducted zoological studies of the Amur and Ussuri. And when the news of the long-awaited amnesty arrived, Dybovsky obtained permission for further research in Siberia and went to Kamchatka. Dybovsky returned to his homeland, more precisely to Lvov, only in 1884 and lived to a ripe old age.
In 1889-1898. a geologist worked in a number of regions of southern Siberia Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev(1863-1956). Together with mining engineers A.P. Gerasimov and A.E. Gedroits, he significantly refined the orographic appearance of Transbaikalia. The ridges of Yablonovy, Borshchovochny, Chersky and a number of others, previously unknown, were surveyed and put on the map. Obruchev revealed traces of Quaternary glaciation, expressed his own view on the problem of the origin of the Baikal Basin in the form of a graben. This hypothesis was supported by one of the largest scientists of that time, Eduard Suess, and up to the last quarter of the 20th century. was the main one until data on riftogenic processes in the Baikal zone appeared.
In 1898, on the Vitim plateau, Gerasimov discovered two volcanic cones, witnesses of Quaternary eruptions. They received the names of Obruchev and Mushketov.
In 1853 L.I. was sent by the Academy to the Far East. Schrenk. He traveled to Kamchatka on the Aurora frigate, then on another ship to De-Kastri Bay. In 1854 he arrived in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. He met Sakhalin explorers Boshnyak and Rudanovsky. I visited Sakhalin myself. Then he explored the basin of the river Girin and returned to the Gulf of De-Kastri. The following summer, Schrenk and the botanist Maksimovich climbed up the Amur to the mouth of the Ussuri. In the winter of 1856, Schrenk again headed for Sakhalin, went to the Tym River, described the route and the life of the Orochs, and on March 12, with rich collections, returned to the Amur, to Nikolaevsk. In the same year, Schrenk returned to St. Petersburg, prepared a description of the journey, published in German in 1858-1895. He wrote the first book on the hydrology of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. His Outline of the Physical Geography of the North Sea of Japan was awarded the Gold Medal of the Geographical Society.
The first Russian traveler who climbed up the Ussuri River in 1855 was K.I. Maksimovich. In 1855 and 1859. in the Amur Region” and the Ussuri Territory, R.K. Maak, explored the nature of the Aehtsir ridge. Detailed studies of Primorye in 1857-1859. conducted by M.I. Venyukov. He not only passed along the Ussuri, but also crossed the Sikhote-Alin ridge from its sources, went to the seashore and returned the same way.
But the most remarkable result was a trip to the Ussuri region Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky(1839-1888). The name and work of Przhevalsky occupies a special place in the history of travel and geographical discoveries. Early in childhood, Przhevalsky, who was left without a father, was taken care of by his uncle, his mother's brother, a passionate hunter. Together with him, the boy repeatedly wandered around the neighborhood of the family estate in the Smolensk region, became addicted to hunting, and this, obviously, played an important role in choosing the life path of the great traveler. When he studied at the Academy of the General Staff, he completed the term paper "Military Statistical Review of the Primorsky Territory." He taught history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School. There he prepared a textbook on geography. And he dreamed of traveling to Central Asia. With this thought and a detailed development of the plan in 1866, he appeared in the Geographical Society for support. Here is how it is written in the report of P.P. Semenov about half a century of activity of the society: “It was enough to talk with this man to make sure that he had no shortage of enterprise, energy and courage. A passionate hunter, he was obviously a good ornithologist, and in general showed a great inclination towards the natural history sciences ... but he did not have any scientific merit in the field of geographical sciences then ... P.P. Semyonov advised the young future traveler, first of all, to try his hand at exploring ... a little-known region ... namely the Ussuri. At the same time, P.P. Semenov promised N.M. Przhevalsky that if he fulfills his task quite satisfactorily and shows his talents as a traveler and naturalist, then the Department of Physical Geography will already take care of his equipment for an expedition to Central Asia ”(Semenov, 1896, p. 214).
P.P. Semenov provided Przhevalsky with a flattering description of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia M.S. Korsakov, and the expedition took place. Przhevalsky spent two and a half years in the Far East. With the student Yagunov, he went down the Amur, explored the Khekhtsir ridge, climbed the Ussuri to Lake Khanka, whose shores he visited twice, walked along the coastal steeps from the Posyet Bay to the Olga Bay, crossed the Sikhote-Alin and returned to the Ussuri. Hundreds of specimens of plants, stuffed birds were collected, a route survey was compiled, a meaningful diary was prepared with detailed characteristics of nature, in particular, with the results of observations of animals and birds, with descriptions of the life and life of the Golds, Orochs, Korean and Chinese colonists. Przhevalsky learned a lot of information from communication with the natives.
Returning to St. Petersburg, in 1870, at his own expense, Przhevalsky published his work “Journey in the Ussuri Territory”, testifying to the originality of the naturalist and traveler, to the undoubted gift of a literary record of what he saw. Przhevalsky was struck by the diversity of manifestations of nature (“... the Khekhtsirsky Range represents such a wealth of forest vegetation, which is rarely found in other even more southern parts of the Ussuri Territory” (p. 51). Przhevalsky not only captures the richness of nature, but also evaluates it from the point of view of colonization of the region: "In general, the Khanka steppes are the best place in the entire Ussuri region for our future settlements. Not to mention the fertile, chernozem and loamy soil, which does not require special labor for the initial development, about the vast , beautiful pastures, - the most important benefit is that the steppes are not subject to floods, which are everywhere in the Ussuri
this is such a huge hindrance to agriculture” (p. 73). How the scientist Przhevalsky sees the relationship of natural components: “Such a special character of the climate also determines the special nature of the Ussuri Territory, which represents an original mixture of northern and southern forms in the flora and fauna” (p. 218). Przhevalsky treated the indigenous population with respect: “... The naturally good-natured disposition of this people leads to the closest family connection: parents passionately love their children, who, for their part, pay them the same love” (p. 87). And how unfavorable against the background of the aborigines the Russian pioneers looked. Przhevalsky noted with bewilderment that Ussuri is full of fish and meat, but most of the Russians are “satisfied with shult and wineskins, that is, such dishes that a fresh person cannot look at without disgust. The results of such horrendous poverty are, on the one hand, various diseases, and, on the other hand, the extreme demoralization of the population, the most vile debauchery and apathy for any honest work ... ”(S. 45). In the person of Przhevalsky, geography found one of the smartest and most honest researchers.
Completing the history of the study Far East, it is impossible not to mention two more travelers, research activities which especially fruitfully unfolded in the XX century.
Vladimir Leontievich Komarov(1869 - 1945) in 1895 was involved in surveys in the area of the proposed construction of the Amur railway. By that time, the young scientist had already received training in field research in the Karakum desert, in the foothills and mountains of Gissar-Alay. Komarov got to the Far East in a roundabout way: from Odessa by steamboat through the Suez Canal, with visits to Singapore and Nagasaki, until he arrived in Vladivostok. And from there, to the Amur region. He conducted research on the Zeya-Bureinsky plain, on the Bureinsky ridge, in the basins of the Tunguska and Bira rivers. Based on the materials of these travels, the article "Conditions for the further colonization of the Amur" was written, published in Izvestia of the Geographical Society. Assessing the features of nature, Komarov noted the desirability of resettling people here from places with similar conditions, from the European North, accustomed to cool, rainy summer weather and waterlogged soils. They were given recommendations for more productive use of local land resources. He wrote about the strong swampiness of the territory. Along Bira, “a completely flat area stretches with rare woods of oak in dry areas and larch in wetlands, meadows and meadow swamps ...” To the south of Bira, “a significant part ... of the surface is covered with deciduous, in places even with oaks and grapes, forests "... In the upper part of the Khingan valley, "the soil layer is quite trustworthy, and this area, combining lands, comfortable arable land, with wonderful meadows and an abundance of forests, seems to suggest itself for a settlement" (Gvozdetsky, 1949. pp. 27-28). In 1896 studies were carried out in the south of the Ussuri region with a completely different type of landscape. " Tall trees Manchurian walnuts were showered with flower earrings, venus slippers bloomed among the grasses of the oak forest ... the meadow and the forest seem to mutually penetrate each other ... The virgin forests of this region are known among the local population under the name of cedar forests, according to the dominant species, But their composition very diverse, some maples ... there are six of them ... ". In the same year, they worked on the territory of Manchuria. The way back to St. Petersburg also passed by sea through Odessa. In 1897, Komarov conducted research in North Korea and Manchuria. The capital three-volume work of Komarov was awarded the Przhevalsky Geographical Society Prize and the Baer Prize of the Academy of Sciences.
In the summer of 1902, Komarov directed research within the Eastern Sayan and Northern Mongolia. The route was laid around Lake Ubsugul and along the Tunkinsky graben. A number of forms of glacial relief have been identified. The materials of the expedition were included in the book "Introduction to the floras of China and Mongolia", published in 1908-1909. and defended as a doctoral dissertation.
In 1908, Komarov was in Kamchatka, explored the Paratunka valley, went by boat from the headwaters to the mouth of the Bolshaya River and in the opposite direction on a horse ... The following summer, he explored the Kamchatka River valley to the village of Shchapino, made the transition to Kronotsky lake, made observations in the craters of the Uzon and Krasheninnikov volcanoes. In 1912, Komarov's book "Journey through Kamchatka in 1908-1909" was published. The fundamental result of the trip was the three-volume book "Flora of Kamchatka", the publication of which was delayed until 1927-1930. Komarov identified six physical and geographical regions in Kamchatka: the plain of the western coast; western or stanovoy ridge; longitudinal dislocation valley; eastern ridge (Valaginskiye mountains); volcanic area; coast of the Bering Sea. This structure of the territorial division of the peninsula is also used in modern geographical descriptions.
In 1913, on the instructions of the Resettlement Administration, Komarov again visited the Ussuri Territory. He formulated a number of interesting conclusions about the history of the formation of vegetation in the Far East.
V.L. Komarov worked a lot and fruitfully in the Geographical Society, being its secretary for many years. He was also president of the Academy of Sciences.
Since 1902, a very enthusiastic person and a famous local historian have been studying Primorye, taiga forests and the mountains of Sikhote-Alin Vladimir Klavdievich Arseniev(1872 -1930). At first it was an acquaintance with the Southern Primorye. In 1906, he went to Sikhote-Alin, met Dersu Uzala, a wise Gold, who became Arseniev's guide and comrade in his wanderings through the Far Eastern taiga. In six months, Arseniev crossed the mountain range nine times, collected numerous collections of minerals, plants and animals, archaeological finds, compiled detailed map routes traveled. In 1907, Arseniev explored the central part of Primorye, the Bikin River basin, in 1908, the North of Sikhote-Alin. I had to endure cold and hunger, to escape from a forest fire.
In subsequent years, Arseniev processed the collected materials, organized a local history museum in Khabarovsk, and wrote books. “Across the Ussuri taiga”, “Dersu Uzala”, “In the wilds of the Ussuri region” enjoyed wide popularity. After civil war Arseniev visited Kamchatka and Komandory, popularized local history excursions and tourism.
In 1842-1845. on behalf of the Academy of Sciences, A.F. made his great trip to Siberia. Middendorf. His Siberian expedition had to solve two problems: the study of the organic life of the practically unexplored Taimyr and the study of permafrost. The journey covered a huge territory: through the southern part of Western Siberia to Krasnoyarsk, then along the Yenisei to Dudinka, along the North Siberian lowland to the mouth of the Khatanga and further work on Taimyr, with routes within it.
Returning to Krasnoyarsk, A.F. Middendorf continued his journey through Irkutsk to the Lena, then to Yakutsk, where he studied the permafrost in boreholes and wells, but he failed to assess the thickness of the frozen layer. From Yakutsk, the expedition set off along the Aldan River, across the Stanovoy Range to the Uda Valley and along it to the southwestern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. After surveying the coast, the Shantar Islands and the Tugur Bay, A.F. Middendorf, together with his companions, went up the Tutur River, through the Bureinsky Mountains to the Amur basin, then along the Amur to the confluence of the Shilka and Argun, and from there through Nerchinsk and Kyakhta returned to Irkutsk.
Thus, the wonderful journey of A.F. Middendorf covered the northernmost regions of Eurasia and the vast expanses of Siberia and the Far East, right up to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Shantar Islands and the Amur basin. This expedition was not an ordinary complex expedition, but an expedition for specific problems. However, in addition to solving the main problems, Middendorf was the first to describe the relief of the vast Yenisei-Khatanga lowland and the Byrranga mountains, and characterized the geology of the mountains. And among the results of the trip to the east, in addition to studying the permafrost, were the first accurate data on the geology of the southwestern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Amur basin. Middendorf correctly described this region as a mountainous country.
Siberian expedition of A.F. Middendorf played a major role in the further development of Russian geography and the organization of systematic scientific research.
Research in the south of the Far East was continued by G.I. Nevelskoy . In 1849, he passed through the Tatar Strait and established that Sakhalin was an island. Being appointed in 1850 as the head of the Amur expedition, Nevelskoy organized research on the vast territory of the Amur region, as well as Sakhalin and the Tatar Strait, on both banks of which the Russian flag was raised. In the lower reaches of the Amur in 1850, the Nikolaevsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur) was laid. The expedition explored the Lower Amur region, discovered the Burensky ridge, lakes. Chukchagirskoye and Evoron, the first accurate map of South Sakhalin was compiled. In 1853, Nevelskoy raised the Russian flag in South Sakhalin. The conclusion of an agreement with China in 1858, and then in 1860, finally secured the Russian borders in the Far East.
Continued in the XIX century and the study of the extreme north-east of the country. In 1821-1823. two expeditions were organized to study the northeastern coast of Russia and coastal waters: Ust-Yanskaya and Kolyma. The reason for this was the receipt of more and more reports about unknown lands located north of these shores ("Andreev's Land", "Sannikov's Land", the New Siberian Islands were discovered and briefly described). The Ust-Yansk expedition was led by P.F. Anzhu, and Kolymskaya - F.P. Wrangell. Both later became admirals,
The Anzhu expedition left Zhiganovsk on the Lena, described the northern shores between the river. Olenyok and the mouth of the Indigirka, paid much attention to the description of the New Siberian Islands. Anjou by compiling a relatively accurate map of this archipelago. The Kolyma expedition set off from Yakutsk through the Verkhoyansk Range, Sredne- and Nizhnekolymsk. She described the coast from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Bear Islands, explored the basin of the river. Bolshoy Anyui and described the tundra east of the mouth of the Kolyma and north of the river. Small Anyui (see Fig. 3).
An important role in the further study of the territory of Russia and a number of foreign regions was played by the creation in 1845 in St. Petersburg Russian Geographical Society(RGO). Similar societies began to emerge in a number of countries of the world starting from the 20s of the 19th century (Paris, Berlin, Royal in London, etc.). The Russian Geographical Society was among the first of them. The initiators of the creation of the Russian Geographical Society were such famous scientists and navigators as F.P. Litke (headed the society for 21 years), K.M. Baer, F.P. Wrangel, K.I. Arseniev and others. This society later became the organizing and coordinating geographical center in the country. Somewhat later, its branches were opened in Irkutsk, Omsk and other cities.
The founders of the Russian Geographical Society set the very first and most important task to know their homeland, although the society organized expeditions to other regions of the globe (to Central Asia, New Guinea, Iran, the Pacific Ocean, and the Arctic). Expeditions of the Russian Geographical Society explored vast territories modern Russia in the Urals and Altai, in the Turukhansk Territory, in the Baikal and Ussuri Territories, in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Chukotka, not to mention Tajikistan, the Pamir-Alai and Tien Shan, the Aral Sea, Balkhash and Issyk-Kul, now foreign, and in at that time constituting the southern outskirts of Russia. The first expedition organized by the Russian Geographical Society was the expedition of the geologist Professor E.K. Hoffmann to the Northern and Polar Urals (1848-1850).
The greatest fame of the Russian Geographical Society was brought by expeditions organized to Central Asia, to its hard-to-reach regions. In fact, the expeditions of the Russian Geographical Society (N.M. Przhevalsky, M.V. Pevtsov, G.N. Potanin, P.K. Kozlov, G.E. Grum-Grzhimailo and others) opened Central Asia for Europeans.
In the Asian part of Russia, such well-known researchers as R.K. Maack, F.B. Schmidt (Eastern Transbaikalia, Amur Region, Primorye, Sakhalin), I.A. Lopatin (Vitim plateau and the lower reaches of the Yenisei) and many others.
GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES OF SIBERIA. The history of the study of Asian Russia can be characterized by periods: exploration (1st campaigns beyond the Urals - 1670-80s); expeditionary (end of the 17th century - middle of the 19th century); research Russian Geographical Society (RGO), created in 1845; Soviet industrial (from 1917 to the end of the 1950s); modern (from the creation of the first academic geographical institutions in the east of the country to the present).
The penetration of Russians beyond the Urals began in the 11th-12th centuries. Novgorod squads, crossing the Polar and Northern Urals in the Northern Sosva basin (Ob system), met taiga hunters and fishermen - Yugra (Mansi and Khanty), as well as their northern neighbors - Samoyeds (Nenets). By the middle of the XIII century. Yugra was already listed among Novgorod, volosts (see Campaigns of Novgorodians in the Northern Trans-Urals in the XII-XV centuries). In the Rostov record of the XIV century. it is recorded that in the winter of 1364-65 "children of the boyars and young people of the governor Alexander Abakumovich fought on the Ob-river and to the sea, and the other half up the Ob".
Probably in the XII-XIII centuries. Russian Pomor industrialists, in search of furs and new walrus rookeries, entered the mouths of the Ob and Taz, bargained with local residents - Khanty and Nenets. Information about the Samoyedic peoples is reflected in numerous legends, for example, “About the unknown people and the eastern country” (end of the 15th century).
In the XVI century. began many years of painstaking work of Moscow land surveyors to draw up plans (drawings) of the Russians, including the eastern lands. The result was a huge series of topographic materials called " Big blueprint”, created by the labor of explorers. These cartographic materials, as well as their copies, have not been preserved, only their descriptions, which are also of great historical and geographical value. The drawings displayed a significant part of the West Siberian Plain and its Arctic coast. By the first half of the XVI century. include attempts by Western figures - the Polish priest M. Mechovsky and the German diplomat S. Herberstein - to give a cartographic image of Muscovy, including its eastern lands. Although their ideas are far from reality, they deserve a mention - this is the first information about Siberia that has come down to Europe.
Second half of the 16th century - the time of the conquest of a significant part of Western Siberia by detachments Yermak and other Cossack chieftains and its annexation to Russia. This is the beginning of the construction of the first Siberian cities: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov and others that have become strongholds for the geographical study of Siberia. As before, industrialists and travelers made descriptions of the traversed path, including cartographic ones (for example, a map of the Gulf of Ob and the Gulf of Taz, entitled "The Gulf of the Mangazeyskoye Sea from the Tract").
In Naala. 17th century began the development of the basin of the middle and upper Ob, was founded Tomsk (1604), subsequently one of the leading centers for research in the eastern regions, then Kuznetsk (1627). Beyond the Urals, the Russians discovered the ridges: Salair, Kuznetsk Alatau, Abakan, and later Altai. A detachment led by P. Sobansky discovered Lake Teletskoye.
The development of Eastern Siberia, as well as Western, began from the north. In 1607, industrialists founded Novaya Mangazeya at the confluence of the Turukhan, a tributary of the Yenisei. Through the Ketkas watershed, they penetrated the middle Yenisei, where they first met the Tungus (Evenks), whose name was given to the 3 largest right tributaries of the Yenisei. In 1618 the Cossacks founded a prison Yeniseysk - one of the main Russian strongholds in Siberia, and 10 years later the Krasny prison, which became Krasnoyarsk. Along the Upper Tunguska (), the Cossacks penetrated into the "country of brothers" (Buryats), founded Bratsk (1631). In 1620-23, the explorer Pyanda penetrated the Lena through the Lower Tunguska and the Chechuysk drag in 1620-23 and walked along it for about 4 thousand km, giving a description of the river and his path. In the first half of the XVII century. Cossack detachments by sea opened the mouths of the East Siberian rivers - from Pyasina to Kolyma. In the middle of the century, from the north (from the Lena River), the Russians penetrated into the Baikal and Transbaikalia, and K.A. Ivanov in 1643 was the first to reach Lake Baikal in the region of the island. In 1661 Ya. Pokhabov founded the Irkutsk prison.
In 1639, a detachment led by I.Yu. Moskvitina reached the Sea of Okhotsk, and in the next 15 years most of its coast was explored and described. In 1648 expedition S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popova was the first to pass through the strait between the Arctic and Pacific oceans, proving that the North American and Asian continents do not connect. Dezhnev discovered the Chukotka Peninsula and the Gulf of Anadyr, crossed the Koryak Highlands, explored the Anadyr River and the Anadyr Lowland. Popov's detachment was the first to visit Kamchatka, and almost all members of this expedition died there, but information about the largest eastern peninsula was obtained. By the end of the century, they were significantly supplemented.
In the same time Yakutsk was the starting point for travel to new lands - in the south of the Far East, in the Amur basin. Detachments V.D. Poyarkova, E.P. Khabarova, P.I. Beketova , O. Stepanova and others reached the Argun and Shilka, then the Amur in the middle and lower reaches, passed and described its tributaries - Zeya, Ussuri and others, set up several fortresses, met with indigenous Far Eastern peoples - Daurs, Nanais, Nivkhs, etc. P.I. Beketov for the first time traced the entire river route along the Amur, right up to its mouth. The first hydrographic schemes of the Amur basin were drawn up.
By the end of the 17th century, in fact, in 100 years, Russian explorers - the military and industrialists - in incredibly difficult conditions passed, described and partially annexed to Russia the vast North Asian expanses - up to the Pacific Ocean, more than 10 million square meters. km. This can be considered the beginning of the Age of Discovery. The result of this grandiose work - carried out by order of the Tobolsk governor P.I. Godunov "Drawing Siberian land", where there is Baikal, Amur, Kamchatka.
The last decades of the 17th century characterized by the beginning of scientific geographical research in Siberia, which is associated primarily with the name S.U. Remezov , who purposefully examined the basin of the Irtysh and Ishim, but most importantly - by 1701 amounted to "Drawing book of Siberia" - a unique summary of materials on the eastern territories based on descriptions and maps of the 17th century. The work of P. Chichagov (since 1719) begins the history of instrumental geodetic surveys of Siberia, constantly refining the topography of the earth's surface.
The first complex expedition to Siberia was the trip D.-G. Messerschmidt (1720-27). Alternating land and river routes, he traveled and traveled the entire south of the West and East of Siberia to Transbaikalia, explored the valleys of the Ob, Tom, Chulym, upper and middle Yenisei, Lower Tunguska, upper Lena,. The result was a 10-volume "Review of Siberia, or three tables of simple kingdoms of nature" in Latin.
First Kamchatka expedition (1725-30) led by IN AND. Bering , expedition A.F. Shestakova - DI. Pavlutsky (1727-46), M.S. Gvozdeva and I. Fedorova (1732) completed the discovery of the northeastern coast of Asia, and for the first time described both sides of the strait between Asia and America. The research was continued by the detachments of V.I. Bering - A.I. Chirikova (1733-42), as a result, descriptions of the Commander and Aleutian Islands and northwest coast of America. Detachment M.P. Spanberg mapped Kurile Islands, the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, the western part of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the route from Kamchatka to Japan is open.
The great economic potential of the east of the country required qualitatively new large-scale research. There was a need to create a network of regional institutions of geographical orientation. The first were the Limnological Station in a village on Lake Baikal (1925), the Yakut Research Permafrost Station in Yakutsk (1941) and the Department of Economics and Geography in Irkutsk (1949). Geographic departments and faculties worked at the universities of Tomsk, and Vladivostok . The network of geographical institutions in Siberia and the Far East reached its proper level of development after its creation in 1957.
Over the past 50 years, significant progress has been made in the study of Asian Russia. New theoretical teachings and world-class scientific schools have been created, revealing the essence of transformation processes environment: the doctrine of natural geosystems, the theory of pioneering development of the taiga and geographical expertise, the theory of spatial linear-nodal production systems, the landscape-hydrological school, and more. New areas of geographical science are developing: medical geography and human ecology, recreational geography, natural resources, cryology, electoral geography, cultural geography, landscape planning, and others, as well as the study of special contact (land-sea, transboundary and other) territories. Fundamentally new materials have been obtained on the dynamics of landscapes and their components, as well as paleogeographic data as a result of many years of experimental work at geographical and ecological stations, special programs have been created, for example, deep drilling in Baikal. Many complex expeditions have been carried out on projects for the construction of industrial hubs, transport systems and other objects of economic development of the eastern spaces: (Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsk and Nizhneangarsk TPK, BAM, KATEK, the idea of transferring Siberian rivers to Central Asia, pipelines from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and etc.). In recent decades, a lot of cartographic work has been carried out - thematic atlases and series of maps have been created. New research methods are being developed: mathematical and natural modeling, space, spore-pollen, remote, geoinformation and others.
Modern research is aimed at deepening knowledge about natural processes in the context of global and regional climatic and anthropogenic changes, at studying the territorial organization of society in new socio-economic conditions, at determining the geographical aspects of embedding the economy of the eastern regions of Russia into the world, primarily the Asian economy.
Lit .: L. S. Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries. M.; L., 1949; Sukhova N.G. Physical and geographical research of Eastern Siberia in the 19th century. M., 1964; Naumov G.V. Russian geographical research of Siberia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1965; Gvozdetsky N.A. Soviet geographical research and discoveries. M., 1967; Alekseev A.I. Russian geographical research in the Far East and in North America(XIX - beginning of XX century). M., 1976; Magidovich I.P., Magidovich V.I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries: In 5 vols. M., 1986; Russian Geographical Society. 150 years. M., 1995; Geographical study of Asian Russia (to the 40th anniversary of the Institute of Geography SB RAS). Irkutsk, 1997.
V.M. Plyusnin
It was in the 17th century that it became widespread. Enterprising merchants, travelers, adventurers and Cossacks were heading east. At this time, the oldest Russians were founded, some of them are now megacities.
Trade in Siberian furs
The first detachment of Cossacks appeared in Siberia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The army of the famous ataman Yermak fought with the Tatar Khanate in the Ob basin. It was then that Tobolsk was founded. At the turn of the XVI and XVII centuries. Time of Troubles began in Russia. Due to the economic crisis, famine and the military intervention of Poland, as well as peasant uprisings, the economic development of distant Siberia was suspended.
Only when the Romanov dynasty came to power, and order was restored in the country, did the active population again direct their gaze to the east, where vast spaces were empty. In the 17th century, the development of Siberia was carried out for the sake of furs. Fur was valued in European markets worth its weight in gold. Those wishing to cash in on trade organized hunting expeditions.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Russian colonization mainly affected the taiga and tundra regions. Firstly, it was there that valuable furs were located. Secondly, the steppes and forest-steppes were too dangerous for the settlers because of the threat of invasions by local nomads. Fragments of the Mongol Empire and Kazakh khanates continued to exist in this region, the inhabitants of which considered the Russians to be their natural enemies.
Yenisei expeditions
On the northern route, the settlement of Siberia was more intense. At the end of the 16th century, the first expeditions reached the Yenisei. In 1607, the city of Turukhansk was built on its shore. For a long time it was the main transit point and springboard for the further advancement of Russian colonists to the east.
Industrialists were looking for sable fur here. Over time, the number of wild animals has decreased significantly. It became an incentive to move on. The Yenisei tributaries Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Podkamennaya Tunguska were guiding arteries deep into Siberia. At that time, cities were just winter quarters where industrialists stopped to sell their goods or wait out severe frosts. In spring and summer, they left the camps and hunted for furs almost all year round.
Pyanda's journey
In 1623, the legendary traveler Pyanda reached the banks of the Lena. Almost nothing is known about the identity of this man. A few information about his expedition was passed by industrialists by word of mouth. Their stories were recorded by the historian Gerard Miller already in the Petrine era. The exotic name of the traveler can be explained by the fact that he belonged to the Pomors by nationality.
In 1632, on the site of one of his winter quarters, the Cossacks founded a prison, which was soon renamed Yakutsk. The city became the center of the newly created voivodeship. The first Cossack garrisons faced the hostile attitude of the Yakuts, who even tried to besiege the settlement. In the 17th century, the development of Siberia and its most distant frontiers was controlled from this city, which became the northeastern border of the country.
Character of colonization
It is important to note that colonization at that time was of a spontaneous and popular nature. At first, the state practically did not interfere in this process in any way. People went east on their own initiative, taking all the risks on themselves. As a rule, they were driven by the desire to make money on trading. Also, peasants who fled from their native places, fleeing from serfdom, rushed to the east. The desire to gain freedom pushed thousands of people into unexplored spaces, which made a huge contribution to the development of Siberia and the Far East. The 17th century gave the peasants the opportunity to start a new life in a new land.
The villagers had to go to a real labor feat in order to start a farm in Siberia. The steppe was occupied by nomads, and the tundra turned out to be unsuitable for cultivating the land. Therefore, the peasants had to arrange arable land in dense forests with their own hands, winning plot after plot from nature. Only purposeful and energetic people could cope with such work. The authorities sent detachments of service people after the colonists. They did not so much discover lands as they were engaged in the development of those already open, and were also responsible for security and tax collection. That is how a prison was built in the southern direction, on the banks of the Yenisei, to protect civilians, which later became the rich city of Krasnoyarsk. This happened in 1628.
Dezhnev's activities
The history of the development of Siberia imprinted on its pages the names of many brave travelers who spent years of their lives on risky ventures. One of these pioneers was Semyon Dezhnev. This Cossack ataman was from Veliky Ustyug, and went east to engage in fur hunting and trade. He was a skilled navigator and spent most of his active life in the northeast of Siberia.
In 1638 Dezhnev moved to Yakutsk. His closest associate was Pyotr Beketov, who founded such cities as Chita and Nerchinsk. Semyon Dezhnev was engaged in collecting yasak from the indigenous peoples of Yakutia. It was a special type of tax imposed by the state for the natives. Payments were often violated, as local princes periodically rebelled, not wanting to recognize Russian power. It was for such a case that detachments of Cossacks were needed.
Ships in the Arctic seas
Dezhnev was one of the first travelers who visited the banks of rivers flowing into the Arctic seas. We are talking about such arteries as Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Anadyr, etc.
Russian colonists penetrated into the basins of these rivers in the following way. First, the ships descended along the Lena. Having reached the sea, the ships went east along the continental coasts. So they fell into the mouths of other rivers, rising along which, the Cossacks found themselves in the most uninhabited and outlandish places in Siberia.
Opening of Chukotka
Dezhnev's main achievements were his expeditions to Kolyma and Chukotka. In 1648 he went to the North to find places where he could get a valuable walrus bone. His expedition was the first to reach here Eurasia ended and America began. The strait separating Alaska from Chukotka was not known to the colonialists. Already 80 years after Dezhnev, Bering's scientific expedition, organized by Peter I, visited here.
The journey of desperate Cossacks lasted 16 years. It took another 4 years to return to Moscow. There, Semyon Dezhnev received all the money due to him from the tsar himself. But the importance of his geographical discovery became clear after the death of the brave traveler.
Khabarov on the banks of the Amur
If Dezhnev conquered new frontiers in the northeast direction, then in the south there was a hero. They became Erofey Khabarov. This discoverer became famous after he discovered salt mines on the banks of the Kuta River in 1639. was not only an outstanding traveler, but also a good organizer. The former peasant founded the salt production in the modern Irkutsk region.
In 1649, the Yakut governor made Khabarov the commander of a Cossack detachment sent to Dauria. It was a remote and poorly explored region on the borders with the Chinese Empire. Natives lived in Dauria, who could not offer serious resistance to Russian expansion. Local princelings voluntarily passed into the citizenship of the king, after a detachment of Erofei Khabarov turned out to be on their lands.
However, the Cossacks had to turn back when the Manchus came into conflict with them. They lived on the banks of the Amur. Khabarov made several attempts to gain a foothold in this region by building fortified fortresses. Due to the confusion in the documents of that era, it is still not clear when and where the famous pioneer died. But, despite this, the memory of him was alive among the people, and much later, in the 19th century, one of the Russian cities based on the Amur was named Khabarovsk.
Disputes with China
The South Siberian tribes, passing into the citizenship of Russia, did this in order to escape the expansion of the wild Mongol hordes, who lived only by war and the ruin of their neighbors. Duchers and Daurs suffered especially. In the second half of the 17th century, the foreign policy situation in the region became even more complicated after the restless Manchus captured China.
The emperors of the new Qing Dynasty began aggressive campaigns against the peoples living nearby. The Russian government tried to avoid conflicts with China, because of which the development of Siberia could suffer. In short, diplomatic uncertainty in the Far East persisted throughout the 17th century. It wasn't until the next century that states entered into a treaty that formally defined the borders of countries.
Vladimir Atlasov
In the middle of the 17th century, Russian colonists learned about the existence of Kamchatka. This territory of Siberia was shrouded in secrets and rumors, which only multiplied over time due to the fact that this region remained inaccessible even to the most daring and enterprising Cossack detachments.
"Kamchatsky Ermak" (in the words of Pushkin) was the explorer Vladimir Atlasov. In his youth, he was a yasak collector. Public service was easy for him, and in 1695 the Yakut Cossack became a clerk in the distant Anadyr prison.
His dream was Kamchatka... Having found out about it, Atlasov began to prepare an expedition to a distant peninsula. Without this enterprise, the development of Siberia would be incomplete. The year of preparation and collection of the necessary things was not in vain, and in 1697 the trained detachment of Atlasov set off.
Exploration of Kamchatka
The Cossacks crossed the Koryak Mountains and, having reached Kamchatka, were divided into two parts. One detachment went along the western coast, the other studied the east coast. Having reached the southern tip of the peninsula, Atlasov saw from afar the islands previously unknown to Russian explorers. It was the Kuril archipelago. In the same place, among the Kamchadals in captivity, a Japanese named Denbey was discovered. was shipwrecked and fell into the hands of the natives. The liberated Denbey went to Moscow and even met with Peter I. He became the first Japanese that the Russians had ever met. His stories about home country were popular objects of talk and gossip in the capital.
Atlasov, having returned to Yakutsk, prepared the first written description of Kamchatka in Russian. These materials were called "fairy tales". They were accompanied by maps compiled during the expedition. For a successful campaign in Moscow, he was awarded a reward of one hundred rubles. Atlasov also became a Cossack head. A few years later he returned to Kamchatka once again. The famous pioneer died in 1711 during a Cossack riot.
Thanks to such people, in the 17th century, the development of Siberia became a profitable and useful enterprise for the whole country. It was in this century that the distant land was finally annexed to Russia.
The systematic study of Siberia began under Peter I through the organization of expeditions. These expeditions, along with the Russians, included German scientists who were invited to serve by the Russian government and made a great contribution to the study of the history of Siberia, its nature and natural resources. The descriptions of travel routes they left and the settlements they encountered on their way in individual cases are the only source containing information about the existence of some settlements and their location.
The first foreign scientist invited by the reformer Tsar Peter I to Russia to study its natural wealth was Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, a native of Danzig (09/16/1685–03/25/1735), doctor of medicine, doctor and naturalist, a good draftsman, a philologist who knew oriental languages. Messerschmidt arrived in Russia in April 1718. In November 1718, he was appointed head of the first scientific expedition, heading to Siberia to study and describe its natural wealth, history, geography, medicinal plants, minerals, ancient monuments, rituals, customs and languages indigenous peoples and in general all Siberian sights. The journey of the expedition led by Messerschmidt from St. Petersburg to Siberia and back lasted eight years, from 03/01/1719 to 03/27/1727. In addition to himself, the expedition that left St. Petersburg for Tobolsk included: the servant and translator Peter Kratz, the cook Andrey Gesler and two Russian orderly soldiers. Messerschmidt did not know the Russian language, he needed educated assistants, and at his request in Tobolsk, captured Swedish officers who knew Russian were included in the expedition: Captain Philip Johann Tabbert (von Strahlenberg), who became Messerschmidt's chief assistant, non-commissioned officer Daniil Kapell and a draftsman Carl Gustav Shulman, nephew of Strahlenberg. The expedition also included a 14-year-old Russian boy Ivan Putintsev, bought by Messerschmidt in Yalutorovsk for 12 rubles to collect medicinal herbs, catching insects and climbing trees to collect collections of bird eggs.
The expedition left Tobolsk on 03/01/1721 and through the Baraba forest-steppe headed east into the depths of Siberia and at the end of March 1721 arrived in the Chaussky prison. After a short stay in it, the expedition continued its journey to Tomsk. The route of her movement from the Chaussky prison to Tomsk ran along the left side of the river. Ob, where by the beginning of the 18th century a number of Russian villages and settlements already existed: Bazoi, Chilino, Elovka, Ekimovo, Voronovo, Urtamsky prison, with. Kozhevnikovo and roads suitable for the movement of horse-drawn vehicles appeared. On the right side of the Ob from the Chaussky prison in the direction of Tomsk for about 150 km. before the village of Zudovo in 1721 there were no settlements except for the Umrevinsky prison, naturally, in the wooded, uninhabited area there were no land roads suitable for the unhindered passage of horse-drawn transport. The first documentary information about the appearance of the settlements Oyash and Tashara on the above-mentioned segment of the path dates back to 1734 in the description of the Tomsk district by G.F. Miller. The village of Dubrovina did not yet exist in 1734, naturally there was no crossing over the Ob in this place either. The first mention of the “Dubrovskaya winter hut” is contained on the Land Map of the Tomsk District, compiled by the surveyor Vasily Shishkov in 1737. crossing the Ob to Dubrovino - in the 40s of the 18th century. Academician I.G. Gmelin, returning from an expedition to Siberia in the summer of 1741, crossed the Ob in Tashara, and not in Dubrovino.
Messerschmidt's expedition crossed the Ob on ice on March 29, 1721 in the village of Kozhevnikovo (now the regional center of the Tomsk region). Further, crossing the river Tagan, the right tributary of the Ob, the expedition proceeded to Tomsk, where it arrived on March 30, 1721. On the right bank of the river. Tagan not far from its mouth in the travel diary of the expedition noted the Tatar village "Chatskaya" and the Russian village of Evtyushina and 5 km. from it Tatar yurts, in which those who migrated from the river lived. Chulym Tatars converted to Christianity in 1719.
During his stay in Tomsk from 03/30/1721 to 07/05/1721, Messerschmidt collected information on the history of the county, got acquainted with the life, language and rituals of the Tomsk Tatars and Ostyaks, researched and collected various antiques and coins, traveled to the outskirts of the city for collection of medicinal herbs, collected information about the presence of useful minerals. In Messerschmidt's diary on April 28, 1721, an entry appeared about the corner "between Komarov and the village of Krasnaya." The former villages of Komarova (Kemerova) and Krasnaya (Shcheglova, Krasnoyarskaya) are now part of the city of Kemerovo.
The route of movement of the Messerschmidt expedition from Tomsk to Kuznetsk was described in detail in his scientific work by the historian Igor Vyacheslavovich Kovtun. Having thoroughly analyzed the expedition diary and the scientific information published earlier on this issue, he quite convincingly managed to prove that the Tomsk pisanitsa (“Pismagora”, as Messerschmidt called it) was first discovered and described not by Stralenberg, as previously thought, but by D.G. Messerschmidt.
On the morning of July 5, the boat expedition left Tomsk up the river. Tomy. D. Capell, who acted as quartermaster and supplier, left for Kuznetsk on horseback on July 2 to prepare an apartment and everything necessary for further travel. By 6 pm on July 7, the expedition arrived in the village of Tomilovo. From the moment of its foundation in 1670 and until about 1816, the village of Tomilovo was located on a short elevated section of the floodplain of the left bank of the Tom next to its channel, and due to the strong spring floods that periodically occurred on the Tom in the early 19th century. was relocated from the floodplain to the root bank, approximately 1 km. from the riverbed. Along the way from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo, in Messerschmidt's diary, which was kept by Stralenberg in 1721, settlements encountered by expeditions along the banks of the Tom were noted. On the left bank - Takhtamyshpur (modern Takhtamyshevo), Mogilev (modern Kaftanchikovo), Barabinskaya yurt, the village of Zeledeevo. On the right bank of the Tom, the diary noted: the village of Spasskoye, the Kazan yurts, the summer yurts of the Tutal Tatars (they moved from the Chulym River, fleeing from their complete extermination by the Yenisei Kirghiz), the village of Yarskoye and Sosnovsky prison. For some unknown reason, the diary did not mention the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo: Kaltai, Alaevo, Varyukhino - along the left bank of the Tom, Baturino, Vershinino, Ust-Sosnovka, Konstantinov, Yurty-Konstantinov, Vesnina - on the right bank of the Tom. Perhaps this happened because these settlements are located at some distance from the main channel of the river. Tom and did not come into the view of the expedition members.
In the village of Tomilovo, the expedition was delayed until July 11, 1721. Here Messerschmidt measured the height of the sun, prepared letters for sending to Tobolsk, traveled to the right bank of the Tom in the area of \u200b\u200bSosnovsky prison to collect medicinal herbs. From Tomilovo on July 11, 1721, the paths of Messerschmidt and Stralenberg diverged until they met in Abakan on December 22, 1721. Stralenberg, on 2 horses provided to him by the clerk of the Sosnovsky prison, went to Tomsk to continue collecting information on history, geography etc. Tomsk district. From August 6 to 11, 1721, Stralenberg, with pastor Vestadius and cornet Bukhman, went on horseback to the village of Taimenka with stops and overnight stays in Kazan yurts, the village of Ust-Sosnovka and the village of Mugalovo. In the village of Taimenka, located on the right bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Stralenberg and his companions arrived on August 8, 1721, where they stopped for the night. On the 9th of August they went back to Tomsk. cornet Bukhman fell ill and on August 11, by 6 pm, arrived in Tomsk. Thus, as follows from the diary of the expedition, above the village of Taimenka along the river. Tomi Stralenberg did not climb and personally did not get acquainted with the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyph. Returning from the village of Taimenki to Tomsk, Stralenberg continued to explore the district. By water along the Tom and Ob, he made a trip to Narym and back to Tomsk. On November 29, 1721, Stralenberg left Tomsk for the village of Zyryanskoye (now the regional center of the Tomsk region on the Chulym River near the mouth of the Kiya River) and further up the river. Kie to the river. Sert, further through about. Barsyk-Kul to the river. Urup, then through God's lake and steppes to the village. Bellyk on the river. Yenisei and further to Abakan, where he met with Messerschmidt.
Messerschmidt, after Stralenberg's departure from the village of Tomilovo to Tomsk, with the members of the expedition remaining with him, continued his way up the Tom. Having passed the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom, but were not noted in the expedition diary due to the fact that in 1721 the diary was kept by Stralenberg, who returned to Tomsk, Messerschmidt saw the Tomsk petroglyph, according to the calculations of I.V. Kovtun, this happened around July 15, 1721. According to historians D.N. Belikov and N.F. Emelyanov in 1721, settlements already existed along the banks of the Tom: on the left bank (Yurginsky district) - the village of Asanova, Ankudinova, Kuzhenkina, Ust-Iskitim, on the right bank (Yashkinsky district) - the village of Skorokhodova , Itkara, Salamatov, Korchuganov, p. Kulakovo, d. Gutova, Mokhova, Palamoshnova, Taimenka Malaya, Taimenka Bolshaya, with. Pacha. After examining the rock paintings of the Tomsk petroglyphs, Messerschmidt continued his journey up the Tom. Having passed the Verkhotomsky prison, the village of Komarova (Kemerovo), Krasnaya (Shcheglov) and other settlements of the Middle Tom region, the expedition arrived on July 30 in Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk, the expedition set off up the Tom River to its sources and then on horseback along the path through the Abakan Range and the Uibat steppe moved to Abakan. Above Kuznetsk along Tom at the mouth of the river. Abasheva, on August 9 or 10, Messerschmidt examined the burning coal seam (“fire-breathing mountain”) and took soil samples from this seam, which were examined by M.V. Lomonosov and confirmed that it was coal. Stralenberg himself was not personally in Kuznetsk and did not see the burning layer of coal, having learned about it from Messerschmidt or from members of the expedition, in his work, published in 1730, said that Messerschmidt took the burning layer of coal for a volcano. But historians doubt this message of Stralenberg, it is unlikely that such a prominent specialist, who later discovered the Tunguska coal basin, did not recognize in the collected by him at the mouth of the river. Abasheva samples of hard coal.
Messerschmidt was distinguished by his enormous capacity for work and diligence in his work. On a trip to Siberia, he collected a lot of material on history, geography, archeology, ethnography and mineral resources Siberia. He also collected large collections of plants, minerals, animals, insects, birds and ensured their delivery to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, most of the materials and collections perished in a shipwreck during their transportation from St. Petersburg to Danzig and in a fire in St. Petersburg in 1747. Basically only Messerschmidt’s travel diaries remained, which are scattered in archives and have not yet been fully studied by historians, his work in the benefit of Russia has not yet been appreciated.
A great contribution to the creation of the history of Siberia was made by its outstanding researcher, German scientist, academician Gerard Friedrich Miller. While traveling in Siberia as part of the Academic Detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733-1743, he compiled detailed historical and geographical descriptions of almost all districts of Siberia, including: “Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in September 1734.” and "Description of the Tomsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in October 1734"
At the end of the survey of the Kuznetsk district, Miller on September 27, 1734 (according to the old style) went to Tomsk by land along the Tomsk road, which in its main direction coincided with the later equipped Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemsky tract. The route of the Miller detachment ran through the territories of seven districts of the Kemerovo region, through the settlements that existed already in 1734, or in their vicinity: Kuznetsk-Bungurskaya-Kalacheva-Lucheva (modern Luchchevo) - Monastyrskaya (modern Prokopyevsk) - Usova (Usyaty) - Bachatskaya - Pine (modern Ust-Sosnovo) - Transverse Iskitim (from Transverse) - Ust-Iskitim-Tutalskaya (modern Talaya) - Elgino-Maltsevo-Zeledeevo-Varyukhino - and further, after crossing to the right bank of the river. Tom on the modern territory of the Tomsk region through the settlements: with. Yarskoye - the village of Vershinina - the village of Baturina - with. Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo) - Tomsk.
Approximately one hundred years after the journey of G.F. Miller, the road along which he traveled from Kuznetsk to Tomsk was finally equipped and received the status of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemstvo tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, this tract changed its direction in some places compared to the former road. From Transverse Iskitim, the tract went to Zimnik, which appeared as a settled Tatar settlement in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, the village of Ust-Iskitim remained aloof from the tract. From the village of Zimnik, the tract went to the village of Tutalskaya (Taluy) and further to the village of Bezmenovo and with. Proskokovo, where it connected with the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract laid here in the first quarter of the 19th century.
In conclusion about the journey of G.F. Miller, it should be noted that from Kuznetsk to Tomsk it lasted less than 6 days, from September 27, 1734 to October 2, 1734, according to the old style, according to the new style, this is mid-October, the period of autumn thaw in our area. According to the diary entry of S.P. Krasheninnikov on the day of the expedition's departure from Kuznetsk on September 27, 1734, it was snowing. The distance from Kuznetsk to Tomsk is about 400 km, the expeditionary group of G.F. Miller, who, apart from himself, consisted of several soldiers and an interpreter, overcame it in less than 6 days. I must say that the speed of movement of the detachment on horseback for the 18th century on bumpy roads, and even in the autumn thaw, was quite high.
Simultaneously with G.F. Miller on September 27, 1734, from Kuznetsk to Tomsk, the second part of the academic detachment set off along the river. Tommy on three boats. Academician I.G. Gmelin and student Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, the future author of the book Description of the Land of Kamchatka. On behalf of G.F. Miller Krasheninnikov described the geographical objects and settlements of the Tomsk district along the banks of the Tom met on the way of the academic detachment.
On the modern territory of the Yurginsky district along the left bank of the river. Tom, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:
the village of Kolbikha at the mouth of the Kolbikha River;
the village of Ubion (Ubiennaya, the modern village of Novoromanovo) on the river. killed;
d. Pashkova (modern d. Mitrofanovo), Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Narymsky";
the village of Bruskurov (according to Proskurov's archival documents), the modern village of Verkh-Taymenka, Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - "Chukreva";
d. Popova (Popovka) at the mouth of the river. Suri (the modern name of this river is "Popovka");
v. Iskitimskaya (according to archival documents Ust-Iskitim, at the mouth of the Iskitim river);
the river Yurga, there were no settlements on this river at that time;
the village of Tala (modern Talaya) at the mouth of the Tala River;
the village of Kuzhenkina, 4 versts downstream of the Tom from the village of Tala, opposite the village of Mokhovaya (the village of Pyatkovo did not yet exist);
the village of Ankudinova, opposite the village of Itkara;
the village of Asanova or Silonova (Filonova), 3.5 versts from the mouth of the river. Swan;
between the village of Ankudinova and the village of Asanova, two Tatar yurts are indicated, apparently nomadic Tatars, who temporarily settled in this place;
v. Tomilova and in it the chapel of Peter and Paul. Due to the large shoals near the Sosnovsky prison, Krasheninnikov's detachment landed at the village of Tomilova to change the working people recruited in the Verkhotomsk prison. A messenger was sent to the Sosnovsky prison, who soon returned with a shift and the prison clerk, after which the detachment continued on its way to Tomsk;
With. Seledeevo (Zeledeevo) there is a wooden church in the name of Flora and Laurus;
d. Varyukhina, or Babarykina, against the mouth of the river. hype;
village Alaevo on the river. Little Black.
Further along the left bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Tomsk region, villages and rivers are marked. Kaltai Russian village, Kaltai Tatar village, Baraba Tatar yurts, Koftanchikova (Mogileva) village, Muratov Tatar yurts, Tokhtamyshev Tatar yurts, Chernaya River, Tomsk.
On the right bank of the Tom in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:
the village of Irofeeva, according to Miller's updated information, this is the village of Erefiev (modern Kolmogorova);
d. Pisanaya at the river. Written, a little higher than the Written Stone;
With. Pacha on the river. Pace, in the village there is a wooden church in the name of John the Baptist;
Taimenka - a monastic village (at present, the village of Krylovo is located on this site);
d. Taimenka stands at the mouth of the river. Taimenki, the modern village of Nizhnyaya Taimenka, and the river has a new name "Kuchum";
v. Polomoshna on the river. Polomoshnaya (Miller, apparently, mistakenly called this river Monastyrskaya). At present, this river is called "Talmenka";
the village of Mokhova opposite the village of Kuzhenkina;
the village of Gutova on the left bank of the Gutova river, which flows into the Tom;
Kulakov churchyard (modern village of Kulakovo), in which there is a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Miller also gave the second name of this village, the village of Nikolskoye;
the village of Korchuganov, 1.5 versts from the Kulakov churchyard;
the village of Salamatova, 2 versts from the village of Korchuganova;
Itkara churchyard, there is a wooden church in the name of Peter the Metropolitan, Miller clarified the name - the village of Itkarinskoe;
the village of Skorokhodova, 5 versts from Sosnovsky prison, upstream of the Tom River;
Sosnovsky jail, there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord;
d. Visnikova, Miller clarified the name of the village "Vesnina" 3 versts from the Sosnovsky prison downstream the river. Tomy;
the village of Konstantinov and Konstantinovy Yurts;
d. Sosnovka (modern Ust-Sosnovka), on the banks of the river. Sosnovki is not far from its mouth.
Further down the river. Tom, on the modern territory of the Tomsk region, Krasheninnikov indicated settlements: Yarsky churchyard (modern Yar or Yarskoye), in it there is a wooden church in the name of the Presentation of the Virgin. The village of Vershinin, Russians and Tutal Tatars live in it, then the village of Baturina, Kazan yurts, the village of Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Tomsk. The rivers flowing into the Tom from the right side are also indicated: Shumikha, Tugoyakovka, Basandaika and within the city of Tomsk, the river. Ear.
In the summer of 1741, the famous German scientist, explorer of Siberia, academician Johann Georg Gmelin was returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. The route of its passage from Tomsk to the Chaussky prison (modern city of Kolyvan Novosibirsk region) and further to the west ran through settlements located, among other things, in the modern territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky districts.
Leaving the city of Tomsk, Gmelin crossed the river. Tom on the upper ferry (near the modern automobile bridge across the Tom). Further, its route ran to the border of the current Yurginsky district through the settlements: Burlakovs (Chernorechensky yurts), the village of Kaftanchikovu-Kaltaisky yurts, the Kaltai machine tool (stanets).
On the territory of the Yurginsky district, the route of Gmelin ran through the villages: Alaeva, Varyukhina, Kozhevnikova. At that time, the modern village of Kozhevnikova consisted of two villages: Lonshakova, founded in 1686 by the plowed peasant Grigory Pechkin, and the village of Zababurina (Kozhevnikova), Gmelin called this village Sankina or Panova.
Further, Gmelin's path ran through the current territory of the Bolotninsky district through the villages: Chernaya, in which there was a post station, the village of Elizarov, the village of Pashkov (modern Zudovo), the Elbatsky peaks (we are apparently talking about the peaks of the rivers Elbak and Chebulinsky Padun), etc. Zhukov or Oyash.
Further, the path of Gmelin ran outside the modern territory of the Bolotninsky district through the Umrevinsky prison, Tasharinsky village (machine) with a crossing over the river. Ob to its left bank and further through the Orsk yurts, the village of Skalinsky (village of Skala) to the Chaussky prison.
In the winter of 1773, the famous German scientist, doctor of medicine, professor of natural history, member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society, member of the Roman Imperial Academy, the Royal English Assembly and the Berlin Natural Science Society Peter Simon Pallas was also returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. His route from Tomsk to Chaussky Ostrog, especially the route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, set out in Pallas’s scientific work “Journey through different provinces of the Russian state”, translated from German into Russian by Vasily Zuev, who accompanied Pallas on the expedition, is described so confusingly and it is incomprehensible that professional historians are still unable to reliably establish this route.
Here is a complete description of the Pallas route from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, translated by Zuev from German into Russian: “In Tomsk, I delayed until the 29th of Genvar, so as not to catch up with the carts sent from me and thus have no shortage of horses to change. In the evening of the same day I left this city and continued my way to Tara along the ordinary road. The post road goes first on the right side of the river. Tom to the village of Varyukhina lying on the left bank of the river. Here we must leave the river and turn west towards the Ob. At the village of Kandinsky I moved Malaya, and at Chernorechinsk a large branch called Cherny, which, connecting with it, flows into Tom. In the last village there are 18 households, in which Tomsk philistines and peasants live. Here the Volok begins, lying between the Tom, on which there is only the village of Kanshura at the source. The first river that flows into the Ob, which must be passed, is called the Iska, after which the lying village was nicknamed after it. Then I rode through the villages of Elbak, Agash, Umreva, lying by the rivers of the same name, of which the first one flows into Isk, and the other into the Ob, and finally through the village of Tashara at the source of the same name lying. Then there is a road up the Ob through Dubrovina to a village called Orsky Bor, lying more than forty versts on a wooded island, which left side leaky sleeve makes up. On the 31st, in the morning, I arrived at the Cheussky prison, lying on the left bank of the Ob, into which the Cheus River flows here.
Some historians in their works devoted to the study of the history of the Great Siberian (Moscow) tract, for example, N.A. Minenko, in the book “Along the Old Moscow Highway” Novosibirsk 1990, describing the Pallas route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, is limited to a short message: “Having passed the portage between the Ob and Tom, the traveler arrived in the village of Iksu (modern Zudovo), from here he moved to the village of Elbak ... "and then goes detailed description the route of Pallas's movement to Tara, indicating all the settlements through which he passed. Grigoriev A.D., the first dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Tomsk University, in his scientific work"The arrangement and settlement of the Moscow tract in Siberia from the point of view of the study of Russian dialects", published in 1921, described in most detail the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Tara. However, for some reason, he began describing the route of Pallas's movement from Tomsk to Tara from the end, i.e. from Tara and bringing his description to the village of Iksy (Zudovo), Grigoriev himself found himself in a difficult position in determining the further direction of the Pallas route. Here is an excerpt from the text of its description: “... - 29 days of Iksa (near Pallas Iska on the river of the same name, flowing into the Ob, modern Zudova): the village must be meant here, maybe it is the village of Shelkovnikova on the river Kanderep): 31 village Chernaya Rechka at the river. Bolshoi Chernaya, which had 18 households in which Tomsk philistines and peasants lived: - 32 village Kandinsky near the river. Malaya Chernaya (west of Kaltai: - 33 village Varyukhinskaya on the left bank of the Tom River, from where the postal road was already on the right bank of the Tom river, and not on the left, as now: - 34 Tomsk) ”. On the same page below, under a footnote (1), Grigoriev gave an explanation: “The tract from Oyash to Varyukhina during Pallas passed through other villages than now. Several villages cannot be exactly dated to the current names due to errors in the names of Pallas or his translator, as well as due to a change in the names of the villages.
(The numbers 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 denote the serial numbers of the settlements that Grigoriev marked on the Pallas route, starting from Tara).
But let's return to the description of Pallas' route from Tomsk to Chaussky prison, set out in his above-mentioned book in Zuev's translation, and note the key points in it:
– Pallas was returning from Eastern Siberia in winter, when, according to all travelers, travel along the Siberian roads was easier, more reliable and less tiring. And even in swampy places, the winter sleigh path did not cause difficulties.
- He was in no hurry to catch up with his previously sent convoy, so as not to have a delay in changing horses.
- From Tomsk, he went along an ordinary road, while writing down in the road diary that the postal road from Tomsk goes first along the right side of Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank, from which the road turns west.
- In his description, Pallas also mentioned the drag between Tom and Ob, which begins at the Black River.
– It is noteworthy that Pallas did not mention settlements in his description: p. Spasskoe (modern Kolarovo), village Baturin, village Vershinin, s. Yarskoye, located on the postal road on the right side of Tom and further west from the village of Varyukhina, lying on this road to Zudova village: Kozhevnikov, Chernaya and Elizarov.
- Not mentioned in the description of Pallas are the settlements that lie along the road from Tomsk to Varyukhina along the left bank of the Tom village: Takhtamyshevo, Kaftanchikova, Kaltai and Alaevo.
All the above key points in the description of the route of Pallas from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya indicate that he left Tomsk by the same road as Gmelin in 1741. Having crossed the ice road across the Tom to its left bank near the city, he proceeded further through the village of Black River to the village of Kandinka, located on the river. Mind. In the area of the Black River and the river. The mind began to drag between the Tomyu and Ob rivers. In the beginning, it was a riding path laid by the Chat Tatars in the 17th century. On the map of the Tomsk city from the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S.U. Remezov shows the road from Tomsk to Urtam through the taiga, which originates from the river. Tom between the Black River and the river. Mind. At the time of Pallas, a long-developed road to the Urtamsky prison passed here, from which, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Kirek, a well-trodden winter road departed south to the village of Zudovaya. Tomsk coachmen, of course, knew this road well and took Pallas along it to the village of Zudovaya. The distance from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya along this road is practically the same as along the postal road through the village of Varyukhina. In addition, in the event of a snowstorm, this taiga winter road is more reliable than the road through open (treeless) places along the Tom.
At that time there was only one village along this road from the village of Kandinka to the village of Zudova, which, in the description of Pallas, was called the “village of Kanshura”. However, “Kanshura” is a distorted name of the Kunchuruk River, which Pallas crossed on his way to the village of Zudovaya, and not the name of the village, as Pallas erroneously indicated or translated by Zuev. On oldest map Tomsk Province born in 1816 Kunchuruk is called "Kunchurova", consonant with the word "Kanshura" and, apparently, this is why there was confusion. And the mysterious “village” is the small village of Elizarov, which could not be bypassed on the way from Tomsk along any road, both along the postal road from the side of the villages of Varyukhina-Chernaya, and along the forest road from the side of the village of Kandinka, other roads at that time it just wasn't. The village of Elizarova was founded in 1715 and it has always been small, from the moment of its foundation until the end of the 19th century there were no more than 5 households in it. To the confusing description of the Pallas route, it is also necessary to make an explanation that the small and large branches of the river. Black, these are two different rivers: r. Um and R. black; Russians have lived in the village of Kandinka since its foundation, and Tatars have lived in the village of Chernaya Rechka. It must be borne in mind that Pallas made the path from Tomsk to the village of Zudovoy at night, and apparently completed the description of this path later from memory, possibly in the Chaussky prison, according to the drivers who transported him, therefore this path is described so incomprehensibly and confusingly.
In conclusion, it should be noted that at the end of the 18th century, the village of Smokotina appeared on the route of Pallas from the village of Kandinka, and in the 19th century at the beginning of the 20th century. Zaimkas and villages arose: Klyuchi, Batalina, Kirek Birch River - in the Tomsk region; Barkhanovka, Krutaya, Krasnaya, Gorbunovka, Solovyovka, Kunchuruk in the Bolotninsky district. By the end of the 20th century, most of these villages had disappeared. On this road, through the mentioned villages in the 50-60s of the XX century, all year round in summer and winter, day and night, trucks and tractors were transported from the Tomsk region to the railway. station Bolotnaya pine forest and lumber. The forest was cut down and gradually most of the villages disappeared. In the 1950s, the author of these lines happened to travel along this road from the city of Bolotnoye, through the village of Zudovo, to the village of Barkhanovka (to the border of the Tomsk region) and back along a fairly well-maintained road. This road went mainly along sandy hills, overgrown with pine forests, crossing swampy lowlands, through which a “lezhnevka” was laid (logs fastened together, laid in each rut along the direction of the road). The village of Barkhanovka was located on a huge sandy hill (really on a dune), from a height of which the surrounding taiga was visible for ten kilometers and, on clear days, smoke from the chimneys of steamers plying along the Ob.
Summing up the journey of Pallas, it should be noted that some historians, referring to him in their scientific papers, for example, O.M. Kationov in his monograph "The Moscow-Siberian tract and its inhabitants in the XVII-XIX centuries." It is reported that from the Chaussky prison the tract passed to Tomsk at that time through 11 settlements. However, this is not the case; in 1773 there were much more such settlements along the postal road from Tomsk to Chaussky prison: with. Spasskoe-d. Baturina-d. Vershinin-s. Yarskoye–d. Varyukhin–Kozhevnikova–Chernaya–Elizarova–Zudov–Elbak–Oyash–Umreva–Tashara–Dubrovino–Orsky pine forest, and also according to I.G. Gmelina d. Skala total 16 settlements.
In June-July 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Romanov traveled through the Tomsk province. He began his journey through the province from the Altai mining district. Having familiarized himself with the work of factories, the sights of Altai, the life and way of life of the population, the Grand Duke visited the city of Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk, he proceeded to the city of Tomsk along the Tomsk-Kuznetsk tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, its route ran through the settlements: Poperechny Iskitim-d. Zimnik-d. Tutalskaya (Taluy) - d. Bezmenovo and further along the Great Siberian Highway through the village. Proskokovo - d. Maltsev - with. Zeledeevo - d. Varyukhin - the village of Alaevo to the border of the Tomsk region.
The Grand Duke arrived in Tomsk on July 10, 1868 (according to the old style) at five o'clock in the evening. In the next two days, he rested and got acquainted with the sights of the city of Tomsk. This is how Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich described the further stay in the Tomsk province in his essay, Prince N.A. Kostrov: “... On the 13th, His Highness deigned to hunt black grouse 12 versts from Tomsk, and on the 14th he left Tomsk at 4 o’clock in the afternoon ... On the first day of his departure from Tomsk, the Grand Duke drove only 75 versts and stopped in the village of Proskokovsky. This completely insignificant village, fell to the lot of such happiness, which did not fall to the lot of any of the cities of the Tomsk province. In it, His Highness proposed to spend the day of his namesake, July 15th. To perform a prayer of thanksgiving on this solemn occasion, in sec. His Grace Alexy and the rector of the Tomsk Seminary, Archimandrite Moses, were already in Proskokovsky.
Until that time in the temple with. Proskokovsky has never yet performed a bishop's service.
The Grand Duke settled in the house of the postal station, the retinue and other persons who accompanied him, in the houses of the townsfolk.
On Monday, July 15, the day was unusually hot, from early morning the village of Proskokovskoye began to fill with people who poured in crowds from the surrounding villages. Near the premises of his highness there was almost no possibility of crowding.
At half past nine, the Grand Duke graciously accepted congratulations, except for those who made up his retinue, from the Governor-General of Western Siberia, the Tomsk Governor and some others. At 9 o'clock after the prayer service, He arrived at the church and listened to the mass, which was performed by His Grace Alexy and Archimandrite Moses, the Archpriest who arrived from Tomsk and the local priest. After Mass, His Grace presented to His Highness the image of his ancestor and patron, the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The people solemnly welcomed the Grand Duke. Now, after mass, the clergy, the Governor-General and the Governor were invited to tea with the Grand Duke, and at 3 o'clock His Highness had dinner.
Due to lack of indoor space at the post station, the dining table was prepared in the yard of a house adjacent to the station, under a shed arranged for hay folds.
The floor of the shed was covered with freshly cut grass, the walls were lined with birches and bird cherry.
For a long time they had not seen the Grand Duke in such an excellent mood. On this day, His Highness received a bunch of addresses from everywhere with congratulations.
Happy name day from His Imperial Highness, the Sovereign Grand Duke, Alexander Alexandrovich, and His wife.
Before leaving from Proskokovsky, His Highness presented his portrait of an orphanage located in Tomsk at the prison castle: over time, He allowed this orphanage to be called “Vladimir”.
At about 10 o'clock the Grand Duke's train moved on. The night was moonlit, but rather cold ... At 7 o'clock in the morning on July 16 Grand Duke crossed at the village of Dubrovina across the Ob, and at 11 o'clock arrived in the provincial town of Kolyvan.
From s. Proskokovo to the village of Dubrovina, the Grand Duke's cortege proceeded along the Great Siberian Highway through the modern territories of the Yurginsky, Bolotninsky and Moshkovsky regions, covering a distance of 110 km in less than 9 hours. In 1868, this was the territory of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk district, which also extended to the northeast from the village. Proskokov, about 60 km, including the settlements of the current Tomsk region and the Yashkinsky district.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the participants of all scientific expeditions organized by the Russian government in the 18th century to study Siberia, whose routes from the European part of Russia to Eastern Siberia ran through the city of Tomsk, necessarily followed the current territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky regions.
In the second half of the 18th century, through the territories of the above-mentioned regions, expeditions proceeded to Eastern Siberia and back, which included famous scientists I.V. Georgi, I.P. Falk and other travelers. In the 19th century, travel routes of learned travelers ran through the same territories: G.I. Potanina, N.M. Yadrintseva, P.N. Nebolsin, as well as writers: A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and many others.
All scientific expeditions, travelers, civil servants, military teams, exiles (including the Decembrists), free settlers, mail and cargo traveling from the west of Russia to the east, from south to north (from Kuznetsk and Barnaul) and in the opposite direction from beginning of the 18th and until the end of the 19th century, before the construction of the railway, they necessarily crossed the territory of the modern Yurginsky district. The region has one locality(junction station), through which all transportations followed for almost two hundred years - this is the village of Varyukhino. The date of foundation of this village is considered to be 1682, however, given the fact that 10 years earlier, the equestrian Cossack Stepan Babarykin founded the village of Babarykina, which at the beginning of the 18th century. united with the village of Varyukhina, apparently it is more correct to consider 1672 as the date of foundation of the village of Varyukhino.
Literature
1. Emelyanov N.F. Settlement by Russians of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. – Tomsk, 1981
2. Belikov D.N. The first Russian peasants - the inhabitants of the Tomsk region and different features in the conditions of their life and life. - Tomsk, 1898
3. Barsukov E.V. "Transportation" across the Ob River in the 17th century, geographical, historical and cultural aspects. // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. History, issue 3, 2012
4. Kovtun I.V. Lettergor. Kemerovo: ASIA-PRINT, 20
5. Elert A.Kh. Expeditionary materials of G.F. Miller as a source on the history of Siberia. - Novosibirsk, 1990
7. Kostrov N.A. Journey through the Tomsk province of His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in June-July 1868. - Tomsk, 1868
