SNiP III-10-75 "Improvement of territories" was developed by Giprokommunstroy of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR with the participation of TsNIIEP of spectacular buildings and sports facilities of Gosgrazhdanstroy, the Soyuzsportproekt Institute of the USSR Sports Committee and the Rostov Research Institute of the Academy of Public Utilities. K.D. Pamfilova.
Editors: engineers A.I. Davydov (Gosstroy of the USSR), L.N. Gavrikov (Giprokommunstroy of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The rules of these standards must be observed during the production and acceptance of works on the improvement of the territory, including their preparation for building, work with vegetable soil, arrangement intra-block passages, sidewalks, walking paths, playgrounds, fences, open plane sports facilities, equipment for recreation areas and landscaping.
The rules apply to work on the improvement of territories and sites for housing, civil, cultural, domestic and industrial purposes.
1.2. Territory landscaping work must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings, subject to the technological requirements provided for by the rules of this chapter and work plans.
1.3. Work on the preparation of territories should begin with marking the places for collecting and embanking vegetable soil, as well as places for transplanting plants that will be used for landscaping the territory.
1.4. Device various types coatings of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks and platforms are allowed on any stable underlying soils, load bearing capacity which changes under the influence of natural factors by no more than 20%.
1.5. As underlying soils, it is allowed to use draining and non-draining sandy, sandy loam and clay soils of all varieties, as well as slag, ash and slag mixtures and inorganic construction waste. The possibility of using soils as underlying soils must be specified in the project and confirmed by the construction laboratory.
1.6. Vegetative soil to be removed from the built-up areas must be cut, moved to specially designated places and stored. When working with vegetable soil, it should be protected from mixing with the underlying non-vegetative soil, from pollution, erosion and weathering.
The plant soil used for landscaping the territories, depending on the climatic sub-regions, should be harvested by removing the top cover of the earth to a depth of:
7 - 20 cm - with podzolic soils in climatic subregions with an average monthly temperature of January -28 ° C and below, July - +/- 0 ° C and above, severe long winter with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils. Permafrost soil should be harvested in the summer as it thaws and moved to dumps to roads for subsequent removal;
up to 25 cm - with brown soils and gray soils in climatic subregions with an average monthly temperature of January minus 15 ° C and above and July +25 ° C and above, with hot sunny summers, a short winter period and subsiding soils;
7 - 20 cm - on podzolic soils and 60 - 80 cm - on chestnut and chernozem soils of other climatic subregions.
The thickness of the spreading uncompacted layer of plant soil should be at least 15 cm for podzolic soils and 30 cm for other soils and in all climatic subregions.
1.7. The suitability of plant soil for landscaping must be established by laboratory analysis.
The improvement of the mechanical composition of the plant soil should be carried out by introducing additives (sand, peat, lime, etc.) when spreading the plant soil by mixing the soil and additives two or three times.
The fertility of plant soil should be improved by the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers into the top layer of plant soil during its spreading.
1.8. After removing the vegetative soil, drainage must be provided from the entire surface of the construction site.
1.9. When working with soil, the following loosening values should be taken into account: vegetable soil, sands with a fineness modulus of less than 2 and cohesive soils - 1.35; soil mixtures, sands with a fineness modulus of more than 2, gravel, stone and brick crushed stone, slag - 1.15.
1.10. The moisture content of the soil used for landscaping should be about 15% of its total moisture capacity. In case of insufficient moisture, the soil should be artificially moistened. The maximum soil moisture should not exceed the optimum: for silty sands and light coarse sandy loams - by 60%; for light and dusty sandy loam - by 35%; for heavy silty sandy loams, light and light silty loams - by 30%; for heavy and heavy silty loams - by 20%.
1.11. The materials used in the performance of landscaping work are specified in the project and must meet the requirements of the relevant standards and specifications.
Unimproved types of bases and coatings, as well as bases and coatings for sports facilities should be made from the following basic materials: crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone and slag with a fraction size of 5 - 120 mm, stone, brick and slag crumb with a fraction size of 2 - 5 mm , screenings of construction debris without organic inclusions, as well as from sands with a filtration coefficient of at least 2.5 m / day.
Improved types of bases and coatings should be made from the following basic materials: monolithic road concrete of a grade of at least 300, prefabricated reinforced concrete road slabs of a grade of at least 300, as well as from asphalt concrete mixtures: hot (with a laying temperature of at least +110 ° C), warm ( with a laying temperature not lower than +80 °С) and cold (with a laying temperature not lower than +10 °С).
1.12. The preparation of territories for development should be carried out in the following technological sequence:
in territories free from buildings and green spaces - removal of plant soil in the directions of temporary surface drainage, as well as in places where earthworks are performed and removal or embankment of this soil; arrangement of temporary surface drainage with the construction of small artificial structures at intersections with transport routes;
in the territories occupied by green spaces - the allocation of arrays of green spaces that must be preserved; digging and removal of trees and shrubs for landscaping other areas; felling and cutting trunks, cleaning stumps and bushes; cleaning the plant layer from the roots; then - in the above sequence;
in the territories occupied by buildings and communications - the laying of engineering communications that ensure the normal operation of facilities and structures in the area, the shutdown of electricity, communications, gas, water, heat supply and sewerage in the areas of work; removal, removal or embankment of plant soil in places of demolition of buildings, roads, sidewalks, platforms, opening and removal of underground utilities, backfilling of trenches and pits; demolition of the ground part of buildings and structures; demolition of the underground part of buildings and structures; backfilling of trenches and pits; then - in the above sequence;
after the completion of construction and installation works - arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with improved coatings and fences, spreading of vegetable soil, arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with non-improved types of coatings, planting green spaces, sowing lawns and planting flowers in flower beds, maintenance of green spaces.
1.13. The preparation of construction areas for the construction site, as well as the improvement of the construction area after the completion of construction and installation works, must be carried out within the following tolerances:
slopes of temporary drainage must be at least 3 o / oo;
the thickness of crushed stone, gravel and sand cushions for the foundations of landscaping structures should be at least 10 cm;
the thickness of sandy bases for prefabricated elements of coatings must be at least 3 cm;
the height difference of adjacent prefabricated landscaping elements should be no more than 5 mm;
the thickness of the seams of the prefabricated elements of the coatings should be no more than 25 mm.
The soil compaction coefficient of embankments should be at least 0.98 under coatings and at least 0.95 in other places.
1.14. Light compaction mechanisms should include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 15 tons and rollers with smooth rollers weighing up to 8 tons. Heavy compacting mechanisms should include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 35 tons and rollers with smooth rollers weighing up to 18 tons.
1.15. For the production of blasting, specialized organizations should be involved.
1.16. Lawns (sown or turfed) and flower beds should be watered with water by sprinkling after sowing, laying turf or planting flowers. Watering should be done at least twice a week for a month.
1.17. When landscaping the territories, deviations from the design dimensions should not exceed:
height marks when working with vegetable soil +/- 5 cm, when arranging bases for coatings and coatings of all types - +/- 5 cm;
thickness of frost-protective, insulating, draining layers, as well as bases and coatings of all types - +/- 10%, but not more than 20 mm; vegetable soil - +/- 20%.
A clearance under a three-meter rail on bases and coatings is allowed: from soil, crushed stone, gravel and slag - 15 mm; from asphalt concrete, bitumen-mineral mixtures and from cement concrete - 5 mm; lawn - not allowed.
The width of the base layer or coating of all types, except for cement concrete, is 10 cm, from cement concrete - 5 cm.
2. CLEARING TERRITORIES AND PREPARING THEM FOR DEVELOPMENT
2.1. The clearing of territories and their preparation for development should begin with the preliminary marking of the places of collection and embankment of vegetable soil and its removal, with protection from damage or transplantation of plants used in the future, as well as with the device for temporary drainage of water from the surface of the construction site.
2.2. Permanent drainage structures coinciding with temporary drainage structures should be erected in the process of preparing the territory for construction. These structures include: ditches, ditches, culverts under roads and driveways, bypass trays and devices to reduce the speed of water flow.
Artificial structures at the intersections of a temporary surface drainage system with temporary roads and driveways must allow surface and flood waters to pass from the entire catchment area for this artificial structure and have indelible channel supports at the approaches to the structures and behind them. When constructing artificial structures, a building rise of at least 5 cm on the axis of the road or passage must be maintained. The surface of the trough under the base must have a slope in the direction of water flow and be compacted to a density at which no imprint of a trace of the sealing agent appears. Gravel or crushed stone of the base should be compacted to a stable position. The installation depth of the spurs from the top of the base under the structure must be at least 50 cm.
2.3. Embedding of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of artificial structures should be carried out on a cement mortar of a grade of at least 200, prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 (mortar composition 1: 3, mobility 6 - 8 cm of immersion of a standard cone). The joints of reinforced concrete pipe links must be insulated by gluing them with two layers of roofing material on hot bituminous mastic. The insulation must be applied over the pre-primed joint surface. Socket joints should be caulked with a resin strand, followed by chasing the joints cement mortar.
2.4. Prefabricated slabs of trays should be laid on a sandy base. The slabs must be supported by the entire supporting surface, which is achieved by compressing the laid slabs with a moving load. When assembling the trays, the slabs should be laid closely.
2.5. Green spaces that are not subject to felling or replanting should be protected by a common fence. The trunks of free-standing trees that fall into the work area should be protected from damage by lining them with lumber waste. Separate bushes should be transplanted.
When dumping or cutting soil in areas of preserved green spaces, the size of holes and glasses in trees should be at least 0.5 crown diameter and not more than 30 cm in height from the existing ground surface at the tree trunk.
Trees and shrubs suitable for landscaping must be dug up or replanted in a specially designated buffer zone.
2.6. Clearing the area from trees can be carried out with the cutting of trees on the spot and the subsequent removal of logs, or with the cutting of fallen trees to the side.
2.7. Uprooting of stumps should be done by uprooters. Separate stumps that cannot be uprooted should be split by explosions. Cleaning uprooted stumps with their shift up to 1.5 km should be done by groups of bulldozers (at least 4 machines in a group).
2.8. Clearing the territory by felling trees together with the root should be carried out by bulldozers or pullers with high dumps, starting from the middle of the massif overgrown with trees. When felling, trees should be laid with their tops towards the middle. At the end of the felling, the trees, together with their roots, are dug to the place where they are cut.
2.9. Cleaning of scraps of roots from the vegetation layer should be carried out immediately after cleaning the area from stumps and logs. Root fragments should be removed from the vegetation layer by parallel passages of rooters with widened dumps. Removed roots and bushes should be removed from the cleared area to specially designated areas for subsequent removal or burning.
2.10. Preparation for the development of the territory occupied by buildings should begin with the removal of communications used in the construction process, turning off the gas supply at its input to the territory and purging the disconnected gas networks with compressed air, and water supply, sewerage, heat supply, electricity and communications - at their inputs to the subject demolishing objects as needed in their demolition. After disconnecting communications, the possibility of re-enabling them without the permission of the relevant services, as well as fire and sanitary supervision, should be excluded.
2.11. Full or partial dismantling of buildings or their demolition should begin with the removal of individual structural elements that are deemed appropriate to reuse in a particular building. Elements that can be removed only after partial dismantling of the building must be protected from damage during dismantling.
2.12. Dismantling of buildings should begin with the removal of heating and ventilation devices, sanitary equipment and installation electrical equipment, communication and radio equipment, and gas supply equipment. Wires, risers and wiring that cannot be removed, which can serve as connections during the dismantling of the building, must be cut into pieces that exclude the possibility of the formation of these connections.
At the same time, hardware suitable for further use, metal elements of fences, parts of floors and other parts of the building that can be seized must be removed.
2.13. Wooden non-separable, stone and concrete structures should be demolished by breaking and collapsing with subsequent removal of scrap or by burning wooden structures on site.
Before the collapse of the vertical parts of the structure, the top covering elements, which can interfere with demolition operations, must be removed. The vertical parts of the building should be collapsed inward. When using a truck crane or excavator crane for demolition, a metal ball should be used as an impact element, the weight of which should not exceed half the carrying capacity of the mechanism at the maximum reach of the boom. IN individual cases blasting should be used to preliminarily weaken buildings.
2.14. The possibility of burning a wooden structure on site or scrap from its disassembly in a specially designated place must be agreed with the local Soviets of Workers' Deputies, as well as with the fire and sanitary inspection.
2.15. Wooden collapsible structures should be dismantled, rejecting prefabricated elements for their subsequent use. During disassembly, each separable prefabricated element must first be unfastened in a stable position.
2.16. Scrap from the dismantling of stone structures, suitable for further use, should be sieved in order to separate the wooden and metal components from it.
2.17. Monolithic reinforced concrete and metal structures should be dismantled according to a specially designed demolition scheme that ensures the stability of the structure as a whole. The largest weight of a reinforced concrete block or a metal element should not exceed half the lifting capacity of the cranes at the maximum reach of the boom. Dividing into blocks should begin with the opening of the reinforcement. Then the block must be fixed, after which the reinforcement is cut and the block is broken. Metal elements should be cut off after unfastening.
2.18. Prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings should be dismantled according to the demolition scheme, the reverse of the installation scheme. Before starting the withdrawal, the element must be released from the bonds.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that are not amenable to element-by-element separation must be dismembered as monolithic.
2.19. Underground parts of buildings and structures, if necessary, should be examined in separate characteristic areas. According to the results of the survey, the method of disassembling them should be clarified.
2.20. The foundation to be demolished should be opened at the site of the formation of the initial face. Rubble masonry foundations should be dismantled using impact devices and an excavator. Concrete and concrete foundations should be hacked with impact devices or by shaking with explosions, followed by the removal of scrap. Reinforced concrete foundations should be dismantled, starting with the exposure and cutting of reinforcement, followed by dividing them into blocks.
2.21. Dismantling of roads, sidewalks, platforms and underground utilities should begin with the removal of vegetative soil in the adjacent areas of disassembly and its cleaning in specially designated areas.
2.22. Asphalt concrete pavements of roads, sidewalks and sites should be dismantled by cutting or cracking asphalt concrete and removing it for further processing.
2.23. Cement-concrete coatings and bases for coatings (monolithic) should be broken up by concrete breaking machines, followed by hilling and removal of concrete scrap.
2.24. Crushed stone and gravel pavements and bases for pavements should be dismantled, avoiding contamination of these materials by the underlying soil. Removal of crushed stone and gravel coatings and bases for coatings should begin with loosening the coating or base, storing crushed stone or gravel in heaps, removing curbstones, followed by removal of these materials for reuse.
2.25. A sandy base with a thickness of more than 5 cm should be dismantled, bearing in mind the possibility of subsequent use of sand.
2.26. Underground communications should be torn off in sections without exposing the trenches to the danger of flooding by surface or ground water. Opening should be done with excavators. Places for cutting or disassembling communications must be cleared additionally.
2.27. Pipeline networks of channelless laying should be disassembled by gas cutting them into separate components or by separating socket joints. Channelless laying cables must be opened by excavators, removed from the protective coating, inspected and, if possible, reused, decoupled with termination of the ends, cleaned and wound on drums.
2.28. Pipelines laid in impassable channels must be dismantled in the following sequence: open the channel, remove the plates (shells) that cover the pipelines from above, remove the insulation of the pipelines at the points of their dissection, cut the pipelines and remove them from the channel, disassemble and remove the remaining prefabricated elements of the channel, hack and remove monolithic channel elements from the trench with scrap, examine the withdrawn elements of pipelines and the channel in order to reuse them, free the work site from the removed elements and scrap, fill the trench with layer-by-layer soil compaction.
2.29. Cables laid in cable collectors should be examined, uncoupled, terminated and removed from the channels by winding the cables onto drums. Next, work must be carried out to remove the elements of the channels in the sequence described for pipelines laid in impassable channels.
2.30. Trenches and pits from underground parts of buildings and communications, having a width of more than 3 m, should be backfilled with layer-by-layer compaction, regardless of the time of subsequent construction works at this place, with the exception of trenches and pits falling into the area of pits for newly constructed buildings and structures.
2.31. Acceptance of territories after their clearing and preparation for improvement should be carried out taking into account the following requirements:
ground and underground buildings and structures subject to demolition must be eliminated. Places of liquidation of underground structures should be covered with soil and compacted;
temporary drainage, excluding flooding and waterlogging of individual places and the entire building area as a whole, must be carried out;
green spaces to be preserved in the built-up area must be reliably protected from possible damage during the construction process. Stumps, tree trunks, bushes and roots, after cleaning the built-up area from them, must be removed, liquidated or stored in specially designated places;
vegetable soil must be collected in specially designated places, hilled and strengthened;
earthworks and planning work must be completed in full. Embankments and excavations should be compacted to the design density factor and profiled to the design elevations.
3. PATHWAYS, PEDESTRIANS AND PLANTS
3.1. During the construction of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, the requirements of the head of SNiP " Car roads". The rules of this section contain features for the construction of intra-block driveways, sidewalks, footpaths, platforms, outdoor stairs, ramps, blind areas and curbs. When building footpaths with a width of more than 2 m, the possibility of vehicles with an axle load of up to 8 tons should be taken into account (sprinkling cars, cars with sliding towers, etc.) Coverings of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should ensure the removal of surface water, should not be a source of dirt and dust in dry weather.
3.2. Intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be built with a wrapping profile; used during the construction period - must be equipped with a temporary open drainage system. The curb stone on these driveways and platforms should be installed after the completion of planning work in the territories adjacent to them at a distance of at least 3 m.
3.3. In permafrost areas, in order to preserve the underlying soil in a frozen state, clearing of places for laying driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be carried out in winter and only within the boundaries of their laying. Violation of the vegetation and moss layer is not allowed. Additional frost-protective and waterproofing base layers for these structures must be carried out in compliance with measures to protect them from damage by vehicles, leveling and compacting machines, as well as to protect them from pollution. When installing a frost-protective layer, the soil to be removed must be removed immediately before filling the frost-protective layer. Waterproofing layers of rolled materials should be arranged from the downstream side with respect to the direction of water flow with overlapping of the strips of insulating material by 10 cm. An additional layer of soil poured over the waterproofing layer should have a thickness of at least 30 cm and fall off from itself.
When installing additional layers, their thickness and cleanliness should be checked with the selection of at least one sample on an area of \u200b\u200bnot more than 500 m2 and at least five samples from the area being filled.
3.4. For the lower and middle layers of crushed stone bases and coatings for driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, crushed stone of fractions 40 - 70 and 70 - 120 mm should be used; for the upper layers of bases and coatings - 40 - 70 mm, for wedging - 5 - 10 mm; for gravel bases and coatings, an optimal gravel mixture of fractions of 40 - 120 mm should be used, for wedging - 5 - 10 mm.
3.5. Crushed stone and gravel in the layer should be compacted three times. In the first rolling, the placer must be compacted and the crushed stone or gravel must be in a stable position. In the second rolling, the rigidity of the base or coating must be achieved due to the interlocking of the fractions. In the third rolling, the formation of a dense bark in the upper part of the layer should be achieved by wedging the surface with fine fractions. Signs of the end of compaction in the second and third periods are the lack of mobility of crushed stone or gravel, the cessation of the formation of a wave in front of the rink, the absence of a trace from the rink, as well as the crushing of individual crushed stones or grains of gravel by the rollers of the rink, but not pressing them into the top layer.
3.6. When installing slag bases and coatings, the maximum thickness of the compacted slag layer (in a dense state) should not exceed 15 cm. The slag should be watered before being distributed over the subgrade at the rate of 30 liters of water per 1 m3 of uncompacted slag. Slag compaction should be carried out first with light rollers without watering, and then with heavy ones, with watering in small doses at the rate of up to 60 l/m3 of uncompacted slag. After rolling, the slag base (coating) must be watered for 10-12 days at the rate of 2.5 l/m3 of uncompacted slag.
3.7. The material of the lower layers of crushed stone, gravel and sand bases for coatings, as well as crushed stone and gravel coatings laid on a waterlogged, pre-compacted and profiled surface of a subgrade or trough, should be distributed only from itself. Before distributing the material on the waterlogged surface, drainage grooves 20–25 cm wide and not less than the thickness of the waterlogged layer should be cut. The grooves should be located at a distance of no more than 3 m from one another and cut along the slope or at an angle of 30 - 60 ° to the direction of the slope. The soil from the grooves must be removed outside the pavement. Water drainage through grooves should be carried out 3 m from the boundaries of the coating. The slope of the grooves must either repeat the slope of the backfilled surface, or be at least 2%. The distribution of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be carried out only from the highest marks to the lowest. The thickness of the spreading layer of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be such that waterlogged soil is not squeezed out through the pores of the spreading material. When spreading crushed stone, gravel and sand, it is necessary to ensure that the drainage grooves are filled up first. The movement of cars and people on the waterlogged soil of the covered surface is not allowed.
3.8. In winter conditions, it is allowed to arrange gravel, crushed stone and slag bases and coatings. Bases and coatings made of crushed stone of high-strength rocks should be wedged with crushed limestone. Before spreading the base, the subgrade surface must be cleared of snow and ice. The base or cover material must be compacted and wedged out without watering before freezing occurs. The thickness of the compacted layer of material should be no more than 15 cm (in a dense state). Foundations and covers from active blast-furnace slags should be made from slag fractions less than 70 mm for both the lower and upper layers. Before laying the upper layers along the lower layer, it is necessary to open the movement of construction vehicles for 15 - 20 days. During thaws and before spring snowmelt, the laid layer should be cleared of snow and ice. Correction of deformations should be carried out only after stabilization and drying of the subgrade soil and all layers of the base and coating, as well as checking the degree of their compaction. It is also allowed to install concrete bases and coatings with the addition of chloride salts.
3.9. When installing crushed stone, gravel and slag bases and coatings, the following should be checked: the quality of materials; subgrade surface planning; the thickness of the base or coating layer at the rate of one measurement per 2000 m2, but not less than five measurements on any area; degree of compaction.
3.10. The covering of garden paths and platforms should be carried out from four layers. When arranging garden paths and playgrounds, the following layer thicknesses, mm, should be taken, not less than: the lower one (from crushed stone, gravel, slag) - 60, the upper wedging - 20, the upper one (from cuttings of stone materials and slag) - 10 and the cover layer (from pure sand) - 5. Each of the layers after uniform distribution should be compacted with watering.
3.11. Asphalt concrete pavements may only be laid in dry weather. Substrates for asphalt concrete pavements must be free of dirt and dry. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from hot and cold mixes should not be lower than +5 °С in spring and summer and not lower than +10 °С in autumn. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from thermal mixtures should not be lower than minus 10 °C.
3.12. The base or layer of previously laid asphalt concrete must be treated with thinned or liquid bitumen or bitumen emulsion at the rate of 0.5 l/m2 3-5 hours before laying the asphalt concrete mix. Pre-treatment with bitumen or bitumen emulsion is not required when asphalt concrete is laid over a base constructed with organic binder treatment or over a freshly laid asphalt sublayer.
3.13. When laying asphalt mixes, to ensure the seamless connection of adjacent strips, asphalt pavers must be equipped with equipment for heating the edges of previously laid asphalt concrete strips. A joint device is allowed by laying the edge along the board.
3.14. Asphalt pavements made from hot and warm mixes must be compacted in two stages. At the first stage, preliminary compaction is carried out by 5 - 6 passes over one place with light rollers at a speed of 2 km/h. At the second stage, the mixture is additionally compacted with heavy rollers by 4-5 passes in one place at a speed of 5 km/h. The pavement is considered rolled if no wave forms on the pavement in front of the roller and no trace of the drum is imprinted. After 2 - 3 passes of light rollers, the evenness of the pavement should be checked with a three-meter rail and a cross-slope template. The required number of passes of the roller in one place should be determined by trial rolling. In places inaccessible to the skating rink, the asphalt concrete mixture should be compacted with hot metal rammers and smoothed out with hot metal irons. The mixture should be compacted until the complete disappearance of traces from the blows of the rammer on the surface of the coating.
3.15. When installing asphalt concrete pavements, it is necessary to check the temperature of the mixture during laying and compaction, the evenness and thickness of the laid layer, the sufficiency of compaction of the mixture, the quality of the mating of the edges of the strips, and compliance with the design parameters. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of the laid asphalt concrete pavement, cores or cuttings of at least one sample should be taken from an area of not more than 2000 m2.
The compaction coefficient of a coating of hot or warm asphalt concrete mix should be at least 0.93% 10 days after compaction; water saturation - no more than 5%.
3.16. Concrete monolithic coatings should be arranged on a sandy base, compacted to a density coefficient of at least 0.98. The difference in the marks of adjacent formwork elements (rail-forms) should not exceed 5 mm. Frameworks expansion joints and gaskets should be installed after the preparation of the base, installation and alignment of the formwork of the cover. The gap between the formwork, frame and gaskets should be no more than 5 mm. The gaps under the three-meter rail on the surface of the planned base should not exceed 10 mm.
3.17. The width of the unreinforced concrete pavement tape should be no more than 4.5 m; the distance between the compression seams - no more than 7 m and between the expansion seams - no more than 42 m. When arranging the seams, the expanded ends of the pins of the movable part of the seam should not be further than the middle of the tubes put on these pins. Water and cement laitance, which act on the surface of the concrete during its compaction, must be removed outside the slab. When constructing concrete pavements, special attention should be paid to the compaction of concrete at expansion joints and at the junction with the formwork.
3.18. The laid concrete of the coating must be covered and protected from dehydration after the disappearance of excess moisture from its surface, but no later than 4 hours from the moment of laying. As protective coatings, film-forming materials, bituminous and tar emulsions or a layer of sand (at least 10 cm thick) scattered over one layer of bituminous paper should be used. The sand must be kept wet for at least two weeks.
3.19. In the case of cutting expansion joints with cutters with diamond discs, the concrete strength of the coating must be at least 100 kgf/cm2. The joints must be cut to a depth equal to at least 1/4 of the thickness of the coating, and filled with mastics. The removal of wooden laths from the expansion and compression joints should be carried out no earlier than two weeks after the installation of the coating. When removing the rails, it is necessary to prevent breakage of the edges of the seams.
3.20. Filling the joints with mastics should be done after the concrete of the joint has been cleaned and dried. To fill the joints of the coating, hot mastics should be used, consisting of 80% bitumen (grades BND-90/130 and BND-60/90) and 20% mineral filler powder, introduced into the heated bitumen during the preparation of the mastic. Mastics should be prepared centrally and delivered to the place of their use in insulated containers. The bitumen heating temperature for the preparation of mastics and mastics during their laying should be + (160 - 180) ° С.
3.21. When the average daily air temperature is below +5 °С and the minimum daily air temperature is below 0 °С, the concreting of the coating and the base should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP for monolithic and reinforced concrete structures.
Coating laid in winter time, should not be subjected to transport influences in the spring within a month after the complete thawing of the coating, if the concrete has not been subjected to artificial heating to full curing.
3.22. Slabs of prefabricated coatings of intra-block passages, sidewalks and platforms should be laid downhill on a pre-prepared base, starting from the lighthouse row, located along the axis of the coating or along its edge, depending on the direction of the runoff of the water surface. Laying should be done away from you, moving the slab laying machines over the laid coating. Planting of slabs on a sandy base should be carried out by vibro-setting machines, and rolling - by vehicles until the visible sediment of the slabs disappears. Ledges at the joints of adjacent plates should not exceed 5 mm. The joints of the slabs must be filled with sealing materials immediately after the slabs have been installed.
3.23. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete tiles of sidewalks and footpaths, not designed to withstand an 8-ton axial load from vehicles, should be laid on a sand base with a width of paths and sidewalks up to 2 m. The sand base should have a lateral stop from the ground and be compacted to a density with a coefficient not lower than 0.98; have a thickness of at least 3 cm and ensure that the tiles fit perfectly when they are laid. The presence of gaps in the base when checking it with a template or a control rod is not allowed.
A tight fit of the tiles to the base is achieved by settling them during laying and immersing the tiles in the sand of the base up to 2 mm. Joints between tiles should be no more than 15 mm, vertical displacements in the joints between tiles should be no more than 2 mm.
3.24. When installing cement concrete pavements, the following should be checked: the density and evenness of the base, the correct installation of the formwork and the arrangement of joints, the thickness of the coating (by taking one core from a site no more than 2000 m2), the concrete maintenance regime, the evenness of the coating and the absence of cement laitance films on its surface.
3.25. Side stones should be installed on a soil base, compacted to a density with a coefficient of at least 0.98, or on a concrete base with soil sprinkled on the outside or reinforced with concrete. The board must repeat the design profile of the coating. Ledges at the joints of side stones in plan and profile are not allowed. At the intersections of intra-block passages and garden paths, curvilinear side stones should be installed. The device of a curved side with a radius of 15 m or less from straight stones is not allowed. Seams between stones should be no more than 10 mm.
The mortar for filling the joints should be prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 and have a mobility corresponding to 5 - 6 cm of immersion of a standard cone.
At the intersection of intra-block passages and footpaths with sidewalks, approaches to playgrounds and carriageway streets side stones should be deepened with a smooth connection device to ensure the passage of prams, sledges, as well as the entry of vehicles.
In climatic subregions with an average monthly temperature in January of minus 28 °C and below, in July +0 °C and above, in severe long winters, with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils, side walls made of monolithic concrete of a grade of at least 350 and frost resistance of at least 200. To absorb the loads arising from snow clearing, the dimensions of the side wall should be increased in height and width by 5 cm compared to the dimensions of the side stones.
3.26. The blind areas along the perimeter of buildings should be tightly adjacent to the basement of the building. The slope of the blind area must be at least 1% and not more than 10%.
In places inaccessible to the operation of mechanisms, the base under the blind areas can be compacted manually until the imprints from the impacts of the rammer disappear and the movement of the compacted material stops.
The outer edge of the blind area within the straight sections should not have horizontal and vertical curvature of more than 10 mm. Concrete blind area for frost resistance must meet the requirements for road concrete.
3.27. Steps of external stairs should be made of concrete grade not lower than 300 and frost resistance of at least 150 and have a slope of at least 1% towards the overlying step, as well as along the step.
4. FENCES
4.1. Fences should be arranged mainly in the form of hedges from single-row or multi-row plantings of shrubs, from precast concrete elements, metal sections, wood and wire. The use of metal and wire for fencing should be limited. The installation of permanent fences with the use of wood is allowed only in forest surplus areas.
4.2. Permanent and temporary fences should be installed taking into account the following technological requirements:
the axial lines of the fence should be fixed on the ground by installing leading marks, the durability of which should be determined based on the specific conditions of the construction site;
the trench under the basement of the fence must be opened mechanically with a margin of up to 10 cm in width on both sides of the axis and 10 cm deeper than the position mark of the bottom of the basement (for the device of the drainage layer). The length of the capture of the trench to be torn off should be set taking into account the shedding of the soil of the walls of the trench;
pits for fence posts should be drilled 10 cm deeper than the installation depth of the posts to allow the top of the posts to be installed along one horizontal line in areas as long as possible, to install a drainage cushion and eliminate the need for manual cleaning of the bottom of the pit; in clays and loams, pits should have a depth of at least 80 cm, and in sands and sandy loams - at least 1 m;
drainage material in pits and trenches must be compacted: sand - by watering, gravel and crushed stone - by tamping to a state at which the movement of crushed stone and gravel stops under the influence of sealing agents. In sandy and sandy loamy soils, drainage pillows for plinths and fence posts are not made.
4.3. Fences in the form of hedges should be arranged by planting one row of shrubs in pre-prepared trenches with a width and depth of at least 50 cm. For each subsequent row of planting shrubs, the width of the trenches should be increased by 20 cm. Trees, as well as wire fillings on racks. The installation of hedges should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 6 "Greening of built-up areas".
4.4. Fences on racks installed without concreting the underground part should be arranged immediately after the racks are installed. Fences made of reinforced concrete or metal posts, installed with concreting of the underground part, should be arranged no earlier than two weeks after the bottom of the posts has been concreted.
4.5. Wooden posts for fences must have a diameter of at least 14 cm and a length of at least 2.3 m. The part of the post immersed in the ground for at least 1 m must be protected from decay by coating with heated bitumen or firing in a fire until a coal layer forms. The top of the rack should be sharpened at an angle of 120°.
4.6. Racks without shoes should be installed in pits with a diameter of 30 cm and covered with a mixture of soil and crushed stone or gravel with layer-by-layer tamping during backfilling. At the level of the ground surface, the post should be sprinkled with a cone of soil up to 5 cm high. The posts, reinforced in the ground by concreting the underground part, should be concreted only after their vertical and plan positions have been verified. The vertical deviation of the racks, as well as their position in the plan, should not exceed 10 mm.
Fences made of wire stretched over posts should be erected starting with the installation of angular diagonal and cross ties between the posts. Cross connections between posts should be installed no more than 50 m apart.
4.7. Diagonal and cross ties must be cut into the posts, tightly fitted and secured with brackets. The ties should be cut into the racks to a depth of 2 cm with a cut and cut of the contact planes until they fit snugly. Staples must be hammered in perpendicular to the axis of the connecting element. In the upper part of the communication post, it should be cut at a height of at least 20 cm from the beginning of the taper. In the lower part - no higher than 20 cm from the daytime surface of the earth.
4.8. The wire fence should follow the terrain. The wire should be installed parallel to the ground in rows at least every 25 cm. The barbed wire fence is complemented by cross-shaped wire crossings in each section. All intersections of parallel rows of barbed wire with cross ones must be tied with knitting wire.
4.9. When constructing wire fences, the wire should be attached starting from the bottom row at a height of no more than 20 cm from the ground. To wooden racks, the wire should be fastened with nails. Wire, diagonal and cross ties must be attached to reinforced concrete and metal racks with special grips provided for in the project.
The tension of the wire should be carried out until the deflection of the wire disappears. The length of the stretched wire should be no more than 50 m.
4.10. Fences made of steel mesh should be made in the form of sections installed between the posts.
Sections to racks should be fixed by welding to embedded parts. Posts for steel mesh fences can be installed in advance or simultaneously with the installation of sections. In the latter case, the fixing of the posts in the ground should be carried out after aligning the position of the fence in plan and profile, the posts - vertically and the top of the sections - horizontally. Metal and reinforced concrete racks should be fixed with concrete.
4.11. Precast concrete fences should be installed starting with the installation of the first two posts on temporary anchors holding the posts upright. In the racks, the grooves must be cleaned and the prefabricated elements of the fence must be inserted into them. The assembled section must be installed on temporary fasteners in the design position. After that, the section filling panel must be crimped with mounting clamps until it fits snugly against the posts in the grooves. Then, a third post is installed on temporary fasteners and the filling of the second section of the fence is similarly assembled and attached. After mounting several sections, it is necessary to align its position in plan and horizontally and concrete all the racks, except for the last one, which should be concreted after assembling and aligning the position of the next few sections of the fence. Racks of a prefabricated reinforced concrete fence must be concreted and aged on temporary fasteners for at least one week. Concrete for fastening racks must have a grade of at least 200 and frost resistance of at least 50 cycles.
4.12. In places of lowering the daytime surface of the earth and on slopes, bedding or additional plinths should be arranged, placing the sections horizontally, in ledges with a height difference of not more than 1/4 of the height of the section. Plinths should be made of standard elements or bricks with a width of at least 39 cm. The top of the brick plinth should be covered with a gable drain from a mortar grade of at least 150 and frost resistance of at least 50 cycles.
4.13. During the construction of fences on permafrost soils, the posts should be buried at least 1 m below the active layer of permafrost. It is allowed to backfill the racks with non-cohesive soils or coat the bottom of the racks with anti-rock waterproofing grease to the entire depth of immersion in the ground.
Information type: SNIPDate of: 01.07.1976
Region: Russia
Industry: Real estate
Specialization: Land within the city , suburban land
Chapter SPiP III -10-75 Landscaping was developed by the Giprokommunstroy of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR with the participation of the Central Research Institute for Spectacle Buildings and Sports Facilities of Gosgrazhdanstroy, the Soyuzsportproekt Institute of the USSR Sports Committee and the Rostov Research Institute of the Academy of Public Utilities. K. D. Pamfilova.
Editors: engineers A. I. Davydov(Gosstroy of the USSR), L. N. Gavrikov(Giprokommunstroy Mnizhilkommunkhoz of the RSFSR).
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State Committee Council of Ministers of the USSR |
Construction rules and regulations |
SNiPIII-10-75 |
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for construction (Gosstroy of the USSR) |
landscaping territories |
Instead of a head SNiPIII-К.2-67 and CH 37-58 |
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The rules of this chapter must be observed in the production and acceptance of works on the improvement of the territory, including their preparation for development, work with vegetative soil, the arrangement of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths, playgrounds, fences, open planar sports facilities, equipment of recreation areas and landscaping.
The rules apply to work on the improvement of territories and sites for housing, civil, cultural, domestic and industrial purposes.
1.2. Territory landscaping work must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings, subject to the technological requirements provided for by the rules of this chapter and work plans.
1.3. Work on the preparation of the territory should begin with the marking of places for collecting and embanking vegetable soil, as well as places for transplanting plants that will be used for landscaping the territory.
1.4. The installation of various types of coatings for intra-block passages, sidewalks and platforms is allowed on any stable underlying soils, the bearing capacity of which changes under the influence of natural factors by no more than 20%.
1.5. It is allowed to use draining and non-draining sandy, sandy loamy and clay soils as underlying soils.
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Contributed Ministry housing and communal services of the RSFSR |
Approved resolution State Committee Council of Ministers of the USSR for construction № 158 |
Term of introduction into action |
soils of all varieties, as well as slag, ash and slag mixtures and inorganic construction waste. The possibility of using soils as underlying soils must be specified in the project and confirmed by the construction laboratory.
1.6. Vegetative soil to be removed from the built-up areas must be cut, moved to specially designated places and stored. When working with vegetable soil, it should be protected from mixing with the underlying non-vegetative soil, from pollution, erosion and weathering.
The plant soil used for landscaping the territories, depending on the climatic sub-regions, should be harvested by removing the top cover of the earth to a depth of:
7—20 cm - with podzolic prizes in climatic subregions with average monthly temperatures in January of minus 28 ° C and below, in July - ± 0 ° C and above, severe long winters with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils. Permafrost soil should be harvested in the summer as it thaws and moved to dumps to roads for subsequent removal;
up to 25 cm - with burozem and serozem soils in climatic subregions with average monthly temperatures in January of minus 15 ° C and above and in July + 25 ° C and above, with hot sunny summers, a short winter period and subsiding soils;
7—20 cm on podzolic soils and 60-80 cm on chestnut and chernozem soils of other climatic subregions.
The thickness of the spreading uncompacted layer of plant soil should be at least 15 cm for podzolic soils and 30 cm for other soils and in all climatic subregions.
1.7. The suitability of plant soil for landscaping must be established by laboratory analysis.
The improvement of the mechanical composition of the plant soil should be carried out by introducing additives (sand, peat, lime, etc.) when spreading the plant soil by mixing the soil and additives two or three times,
Improving the fertility of plant soil should be carried out by introducing mineral and organic fertilizers into the top layer of plant soil during its spreading.
1.8. After removing the vegetative soil, drainage must be provided from the entire surface of the construction site.
1.9. When working with soil, the following loosening values should be taken into account: vegetable soil, sands with a fineness modulus of less than 2 and cohesive soils - 1.35; soil mixtures, sands with a fineness modulus of more than 2, gravel, stone and brick crushed stone, slag - 1.15.
1.10. The moisture content of the soil used for landscaping should be about 15% of its total moisture capacity. In case of insufficient moisture, the soil should be artificially moistened. The maximum soil moisture should not exceed the optimum: for silty sands and light coarse sandy loams - by 60%; for light and dusty sandy loams - by 35%; for heavy silty sandy loams, light and light silty loams - by 30%; for heavy and heavy silty loams - by 20%.
1.11. The materials used in the performance of landscaping work are specified in the project and must meet the requirements of the relevant standards and specifications.
Unimproved types of bases and coatings, as well as bases and coatings for sports facilities should be made from the following basic materials: crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone and slag with a fraction size of 5-120 mm, stone, brick and slag crumb with a fraction size of 2-5 mm , screenings of construction debris without organic inclusions, as well as from sands with a filtration coefficient of at least 2.5 m / day.
Improved types of bases and coatings should be made from the following basic materials: monolithic road concrete of a grade of at least 300, prefabricated reinforced concrete road slabs of a grade of at least 300, as well as from asphalt concrete mixtures: hot (with a laying temperature of at least +110 ° C), warm ( with a styling temperature of at least +80°C) and cold (with a styling temperature of at least +10°C).
1.12. The preparation of territories for development should be carried out in the following technological sequence:
in territories free from buildings and green spaces, removal of plant soil in the directions of temporary surface drainage, as well as in places where earthworks are performed and removal or embankment of this soil; arrangement of temporary surface drainage with the construction of small artificial structures at intersections with transport routes;
in the territories occupied by green plantings - the allocation of arrays of green plantings that must be preserved; digging and removal of trees and shrubs for landscaping other areas; felling and cutting trunks, cleaning stumps and bushes; cleaning the plant layer from the roots; further in the above sequence;
in territories occupied by buildings and communications - laying of engineering communications that ensure the normal operation of facilities and structures in the area, disconnection of electricity, communications, gas, water, heat supply and sewerage in the areas of work; removal, removal or embankment of plant soil in places of demolition of buildings, roads, sidewalks, platforms, opening and removal of underground utilities, backfilling of trenches and pits; demolition of the ground part of buildings and structures; demolition of the underground part of buildings and structures; backfilling of trenches and pits; further in the above sequence;
after the completion of construction and installation works - arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with improved coatings and fences, spreading of vegetable soil, arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with non-improved types of coatings, planting green spaces, sowing lawns and planting flowers in flower beds, maintenance of green spaces.
1.13. The preparation of construction areas for the construction site, as well as the improvement of the construction area after the completion of construction and installation works, must be carried out within the following tolerances:
temporary drainage slopes must be at least 3‰;
the thickness of crushed stone, gravel and sand cushions for the foundations of landscaping structures should be at least 10 cm;
the thickness of sandy bases for prefabricated elements of coatings must be at least 3 cm;
the height difference of adjacent prefabricated landscaping elements should be no more than 5 mm;
the thickness of the seams of the prefabricated elements of the coatings should be no more than 25 mm.
The soil compaction coefficient of embankments should be at least 0.98 under coatings and at least 0.95 in other places.
1.14. Light compaction mechanisms should include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 15 tons and rollers with smooth rollers weighing up to 8 tons. Heavy compacting mechanisms should include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 35 tons and rollers with smooth rollers weighing up to 18 tons.
1.15. For the production of blasting, specialized organizations should be involved.
1.16. Lawns (sown or turfed) and flower beds should be watered with water by sprinkling after sowing, laying turf or planting flowers. Watering should be done at least twice a week for a month.
1.17. When landscaping the territories, deviations from the design dimensions should not exceed:
height marks when working with vegetable soil ± 5 cm, when arranging bases for coatings and coatings of all types ± 5 cm;
thickness of layers of frost-protective, insulating, draining, as well as bases and coatings of all types ± 10%, but not more than 20 mm; vegetable soil ±20%;
clearance under a three-meter rail on bases and coatings is allowed: from soil, crushed stone, gravel and slag - 15 mm; from asphalt concrete, bitumen-mineral mixtures and from cement concrete - 5 mm; lawn - not allowed;
the width of the base layer or coating of all types, except for cement concrete, is 10 cm, from cement concrete, 5 cm.
2. CLEARING TERRITORIES
AND PREPARING THEM FOR DEVELOPMENT
2.1. The clearing of territories and their preparation for development should begin with the preliminary marking of the places of collection and embankment of vegetable soil and its removal, with protection from damage or transplantation of plants used in the future, as well as with the device for temporary drainage of water from the surface of the construction site.
2.2. Permanent drainage structures coinciding with temporary drainage structures should be erected in the process of preparing the territory for construction. These structures include: ditches, ditches, culverts under roads and driveways, bypass trays and devices to reduce the speed of water flow.
Artificial structures at the intersections of a temporary surface drainage system with temporary roads and driveways must allow surface and flood waters to pass from the entire catchment area for this artificial structure and have indelible channel supports at the approaches to the structures and behind them. When constructing artificial structures, a building rise of at least 5 cm on the axis of the road or passage must be maintained. The surface of the trough under the base must have a slope in the direction of water flow and be compacted to a density at which no imprint of a trace of the sealing agent appears. Gravel or crushed stone of the base should be compacted to a stable position. The installation depth of the spurs from the top of the base under the structure must be at least 50 cm.
2.3. Embedding of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of artificial structures should be carried out on a cement mortar of a grade of at least 200, prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 (mortar composition 1: 3, mobility 6–8 cm of immersion of a standard cone). The joints of reinforced concrete pipe links must be insulated by gluing them with two layers of roofing material on hot bituminous mastic. The insulation must be applied over the pre-primed joint surface. Socket joints should be caulked with a resin strand, followed by chasing the joints with cement mortar.
2.4. Prefabricated slabs of trays should be laid on a sandy base. The slabs must be supported by the entire supporting surface, which is achieved by compressing the laid slabs with a moving load. When assembling the trays, the slabs should be laid closely.
2.5. Green spaces that are not subject to felling or replanting should be protected by a common fence. The trunks of free-standing trees that fall into the work area should be protected from damage by lining them with lumber waste. Separate bushes should be transplanted.
When dumping or cutting soil in areas of preserved green spaces, the size of holes and glasses in trees should be at least 0.5 crown diameter and not more than 30 cm in height from the existing ground surface at the tree trunk.
Trees and shrubs suitable for landscaping must be dug up or replanted in a specially designated buffer zone.
2.6. Clearing the area from trees can be carried out with the cutting of trees on the spot and the subsequent removal of logs, or with the cutting of fallen trees to the side.
2.7. Uprooting of stumps should be done by uprooters. Separate stumps that cannot be uprooted should be split by explosions. Cleaning uprooted stumps with their shift up to 1.5 km should be done by groups of bulldozers (at least 4 machines in a group).
2.8. Clearing the territory by felling trees together with the root should be carried out by bulldozers or pullers with high dumps, starting from the middle of the massif overgrown with trees. When felling, trees should be laid with their tops towards the middle. At the end of the felling, the trees, together with their roots, are dug to the place where they are cut.
2.9. Cleaning of scraps of roots from the vegetation layer should be carried out immediately after cleaning the area from stumps and logs. Root fragments should be removed from the vegetation layer by parallel passages of rooters with widened dumps. Removed roots and bushes should be removed from the cleared area to specially designated areas for subsequent removal or burning.
2.10. Preparation for the development of the territory occupied by buildings should begin with the removal of communications used in the construction process, turning off the gas supply at its input to the territory and purging the disconnected gas networks with compressed air, and water supply, sewerage, heat supply, electricity and communications - at their inputs to the subject demolishing objects as needed in their demolition. After disconnecting communications, the possibility of re-enabling them without the permission of the relevant services, as well as fire and sanitary supervision, should be excluded.
2.11. Full or partial dismantling of buildings or their demolition should begin with the removal of individual structural elements that are deemed appropriate to reuse in a particular building. Elements that can be removed only after partial dismantling of the building must be protected from damage during dismantling.
2.12. Dismantling of buildings should begin with the removal of heating and ventilation devices, sanitary equipment and installation electrical equipment, communication and radio equipment, and gas supply equipment. Wires, risers and wiring that cannot be removed, which can serve as connections during the dismantling of the building, must be cut into pieces that exclude the possibility of the formation of these connections.
At the same time, hardware suitable for further use, metal elements of fences, parts of floors, etc., amenable to seizure, parts of the building must be removed.
2.13. Wooden non-separable, stone and concrete structures should be demolished by breaking and collapsing with subsequent removal of scrap or by burning wooden structures on site.
Before the collapse of the vertical parts of the structure, the top covering elements, which can interfere with demolition operations, must be removed. The vertical parts of the building should be collapsed inward. When using a truck crane or excavator crane for demolition, a metal ball should be used as an impact element, the weight of which should not exceed half the carrying capacity of the mechanism at the maximum reach of the boom. In some cases, blasting should be used to preliminarily weaken buildings.
2.14. The possibility of burning a wooden structure on site or scrap from its disassembly in a specially designated place must be agreed with the local Soviets of Workers' Deputies, as well as with the fire and sanitary inspection.
2.15. Wooden collapsible structures should be dismantled, rejecting prefabricated elements for their subsequent use. During disassembly, each separable prefabricated element must first be unfastened in a stable position.
2.16. Scrap from the dismantling of stone structures, suitable for further use, should be sieved in order to separate the wooden and metal components from it.
2.17. Monolithic reinforced concrete and metal structures should be dismantled according to a specially designed demolition scheme that ensures the stability of the structure as a whole. The largest weight of a reinforced concrete block or a metal element should not exceed half the lifting capacity of the cranes at the maximum reach of the boom. Dividing into blocks should begin with the opening of the reinforcement. Then the block must be fixed, after which the reinforcement is cut and the block is broken. Metal elements should be cut off after unfastening.
2.18. Prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings should be dismantled according to the demolition scheme, the reverse of the installation scheme. Before starting the withdrawal, the element must be released from the bonds.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that are not amenable to element-by-element separation must be dismembered as monolithic.
2.19. Underground parts of buildings and structures, if necessary, should be examined in separate characteristic areas. According to the results of the survey, the method of disassembling them should be clarified.
2.20. The foundation to be demolished should be opened at the site of the formation of the initial face. Rubble masonry foundations should be dismantled using impact devices and an excavator. Rubble concrete and concrete foundations should be broken open with impact devices or by shaking with explosions, followed by the removal of scrap. Reinforced concrete foundations should be dismantled, starting with the exposure and cutting of reinforcement and their subsequent division into blocks.
2.21. Dismantling of roads, sidewalks, platforms and underground utilities should begin with the removal of vegetative soil in the adjacent areas of disassembly and its cleaning in specially designated areas.
2.22. Asphalt concrete pavements of roads, sidewalks and sites should be dismantled by cutting or cracking asphalt concrete and removing it for further processing.
2.23. Cement-concrete coatings and bases for coatings (monolithic) should be broken up by concrete breaking machines, followed by hilling and removal of concrete scrap.
2.24. Crushed stone and gravel pavements and bases for pavements should be dismantled, avoiding contamination of these materials by the underlying soil. Removal of crushed stone and gravel coatings and bases for coatings should begin with loosening the coating or base, storing crushed stone or gravel in heaps, removing curbstones, followed by removal of materials for reuse.
2.25. A sandy base with a thickness of more than 5 cm should be dismantled, bearing in mind the possibility of subsequent use of sand.
2.26. Underground communications should be torn off in sections without exposing the trenches to the danger of flooding by surface or ground water. Opening should be done with excavators. Places for cutting or disassembling communications must be cleared additionally.
2.27. Pipeline networks of channelless laying should be disassembled by gas cutting them into separate components or by separating socket joints. Channelless laying cables must be opened by excavators, removed from the protective coating, inspected and, if possible, reused, decoupled with termination of the ends, cleaned and wound on drums.
2.28. Pipelines laid in impassable channels must be dismantled in the following sequence: open the channel, remove the plates (shells) that cover the pipelines from above, remove the insulation of the pipelines at the points of their dissection, cut the pipelines and remove them from the channel, disassemble and remove the remaining prefabricated elements of the channel, hack and remove monolithic channel elements from the trench with scrap, examine the withdrawn elements of pipelines and the channel in order to reuse them, free the work site from the removed elements and scrap, fill the trench with layer-by-layer soil compaction.
2.29. Cables laid in cable collectors should be examined, uncoupled, terminated and removed from the channels by winding the cables onto drums. Next, work must be carried out to remove the elements of the channels in the sequence described for pipelines laid in impassable channels.
2.30. Trenches and pits from under the underground parts of buildings and communications, having a width of more than three meters, should be filled with layer-by-layer compaction, regardless of the time of subsequent construction work at this place, with the exception of trenches and pits that fall into the area of pits for newly constructed buildings and structures .
2.31. Acceptance of territories after their clearing and preparation for improvement should be carried out taking into account the following requirements:
ground and underground buildings and structures subject to demolition must be eliminated. Places of liquidation of underground structures should be covered with soil and compacted;
temporary drainage, excluding flooding and waterlogging of individual places and the entire building area as a whole, must be carried out;
green spaces to be preserved in the built-up area must be reliably protected from possible damage during the construction process. Stumps, tree trunks, bushes and roots, after cleaning the built-up area from them, must be removed, liquidated or stored in specially designated places;
vegetable soil must be collected in specially designated places, hilled and strengthened;
earthworks and planning work must be completed in full. The embankments to the excavation shall be compacted to the design density factor and profiled to the design elevations.
3. PATHWAYS, PATHWAYS
AND SITES
3.1. During the construction of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, the requirements of the chapter of SNiP "Roads" must be observed. The rules of this section contain features for the construction of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths, platforms, outdoor stairs, ramps, blind areas and curbs. When constructing footpaths with a width of more than 2 m, the possibility of passing vehicles with an axle load of up to 8 tons (watering vehicles, vehicles with sliding towers, etc.) should be taken into account. Coverings of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should ensure the drainage of surface water, should not be a source of dirt and dust in dry weather.
3.2. Intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be built with a wrapping profile; used during the construction period must be equipped with a temporary open drainage system. The curb stone on these driveways and platforms should be installed after the completion of planning work in the territories adjacent to them at a distance of at least 3 m.
3.3. In permafrost areas, in order to preserve the underlying soil in a frozen state, clearing of places for laying driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be carried out in winter and only within the boundaries of their laying. Violation of the vegetation and moss layer is not allowed. Additional frost-protective and waterproofing base layers for these structures must be carried out in compliance with measures to protect them from damage by vehicles, leveling and compacting machines, as well as to protect them from pollution. When installing a frost-protective layer, the soil to be removed must be removed immediately before filling the frost-protective layer. Waterproofing layers of rolled materials should be arranged from the downstream side with respect to the direction of water flow with overlapping of the strips of insulating material by 10 cm. An additional layer of soil poured over the waterproofing layer should have a thickness of at least 30 cm and fall off from itself.
When installing additional layers, their thickness and cleanliness should be checked with the selection of at least one sample on an area of \u200b\u200bnot more than 500 m 2 and at least five samples from the area being filled.
3.4. For the lower and middle layers of crushed stone bases and coatings for driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, crushed stone of fractions 40-70 and 70-120 mm should be used; for the upper layers of bases and coatings - 40-70 mm, for wedging - 5-10 mm; for gravel bases and coatings, an optimal gravel mixture of fractions of 40-120 mm should be used, for wedging - 5-10 mm.
3.5. Crushed stone and gravel in the layer should be compacted three times. In the first rolling, the placer must be compacted and the crushed stone or gravel must be in a stable position. In the second rolling, the rigidity of the base or coating must be achieved due to the interlocking of the fractions. In the third rolling, the formation of a dense bark in the upper part of the layer should be achieved by wedging the surface with fine fractions. Signs of the end of compaction in the second and third periods are the lack of mobility of crushed stone or gravel, the cessation of the formation of a wave in front of the rink, the absence of a trace from the rink, as well as the crushing of individual crushed stones or grains of gravel by the rollers of the rink, but not pressing them into the top layer.
3.6. When installing slag bases and coatings, the maximum thickness of the compacted slag layer (in a dense state) should not exceed 15 cm. The slag should be watered before being distributed over the subgrade at the rate of 30 liters of water per 1 m 3 of uncompacted slag. Slag compaction should be carried out first with light rollers without watering, and then with heavy ones, with watering in small doses at the rate of up to 60 l/m 3 of uncompacted slag. After rolling, the slag base (coating) must be watered within 10-12 days at the rate of 2.5 l/m 3 of uncompacted slag.
3.7. The material of the lower layers of crushed stone, gravel and sand bases for coatings, as well as crushed stone and gravel coatings laid on a waterlogged, pre-compacted and profiled surface of a subgrade or trough, should be distributed only from itself. Before distributing the material on the waterlogged surface, drainage grooves 20–25 cm wide and not less than the thickness of the waterlogged layer should be cut. The grooves should be located at a distance of no more than 3 m from one another and cut along the slope or at an angle of 30-60 ° to the direction of the slope. The soil from the grooves must be removed outside the pavement. Water drainage through grooves should be carried out 3 m from the boundaries of the coating. The slope of the grooves must either repeat the slope of the backfilled surface, or be at least 2%. The distribution of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be carried out only from the highest marks to the lowest. The thickness of the spreading layer of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be such that waterlogged soil is not squeezed out through the pores of the spreading material. When spreading crushed stone, gravel and sand, it is necessary to ensure that the drainage grooves are filled up first. The movement of cars and people on the waterlogged soil of the covered surface is not allowed.
3.8. In winter conditions, it is allowed to arrange gravel, crushed stone and slag bases and coatings. Bases and coatings made of crushed stone of high-strength rocks should be wedged with crushed limestone. Before spreading the base, the subgrade surface must be cleared of snow and ice. The base or cover material must be compacted and wedged out without watering before freezing occurs. The thickness of the compacted layer of material should be no more than 15 cm (in a dense state). Bases and coatings from active blast-furnace slags should be made from slag fractions less than 70 mm for both the lower and upper layers. Before laying the upper layers along the lower layer, the movement of construction vehicles should be opened for 15-20 days. During thaws and before spring snowmelt, the laid layer should be cleared of snow and ice. Correction of deformations should be carried out only after stabilization and drying of the subgrade soil and all layers of the base and coating, as well as checking the degree of their compaction. It is also allowed to install concrete bases and coatings with the addition of chloride salts.
3.9. When installing crushed stone, gravel and slag bases and coatings, the following should be checked: the quality of materials; subgrade surface planning; the thickness of the base or coating layer at the rate of one measurement per 2000 m 2, but not less than five measurements on any area; degree of compaction.
3.10. The covering of garden paths and platforms should be carried out from four layers. When arranging garden paths and playgrounds, the following layer thicknesses should be taken: the lower layer (made of crushed stone, gravel, slag) with a thickness of at least 60 mm, the upper wedging layer with a thickness of at least 20 mm, the upper layer (made of crushed stone materials and slag) with a thickness of at least 10 mm and cover (made of pure sand) with a thickness of at least 5 mm. Each of the layers after uniform distribution should be compacted with watering.
3.11. Asphalt concrete pavements may only be laid in dry weather. Substrates for asphalt concrete pavements must be free of dirt and dry. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from hot and cold mixes should not be lower than +5°С in spring and summer and not lower than +10°С in autumn. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from thermal mixtures should not be lower than -10°C.
3.12* The base or layer of previously laid asphalt concrete 3-5 hours before laying the asphalt mixture must be treated with thinned or liquid bitumen or bitumen emulsion at the rate of 0.5 l/m 2 . Pre-treatment with bitumen or bitumen emulsion is not required when asphalt concrete is laid over a base constructed with organic binder treatment or over a freshly laid asphalt sublayer.
3.13. When laying asphalt mixes, to ensure the seamless connection of adjacent strips, asphalt pavers must be equipped with equipment for heating the edges of previously laid asphalt concrete strips. A joint device is allowed by laying the edge along the board.
3.14. Asphalt concrete pavements from hot and thermal mixes should be compacted in two stages. At the first stage, preliminary compaction is carried out by 5-6 passes over one place with light rollers at a speed of 2 km/h. At the second stage, the mixture is additionally compacted with heavy rollers by 4–5 passes in one place at a speed of 5 km/h. The pavement is considered rolled if no wave forms on the pavement in front of the roller and no trace of the drum is imprinted. After 2-3 passes of light rollers, the evenness of the coating should be checked with a three-meter rail and a cross-slope template. The required number of passes of the roller in one place should be determined by trial rolling. In places inaccessible to the skating rink, the asphalt concrete mixture should be compacted with hot metal rammers and smoothed out with hot metal irons. The mixture should be compacted until the complete disappearance of traces from the blows of the rammer on the surface of the coating.
3.15. When installing asphalt concrete pavements, it is necessary to check the temperature of the mixture during laying and compaction, the evenness and thickness of the laid layer, the sufficiency of compaction of the mixture, the quality of the mating of the edges of the strips, and compliance with the design parameters. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of the laid asphalt concrete pavement, cores or cuttings of at least one sample from an area of \u200b\u200bnot more than 2000 m 2 should be taken .
The coefficient of compaction of a coating of hot or warm asphalt concrete mix should be at least 0.93% 10 days after compaction; water saturation - no more than 5%.
3.16. Monolithic concrete pavements should be laid on a sandy base, compacted to a density coefficient of at least 0.98. The difference in the marks of adjacent formwork elements (rail-forms) should not exceed 5 mm. Expansion joint frames and gaskets should be installed after the preparation of the base, installation and alignment of the covering formwork. The gap between the formwork, frame and gaskets should be no more than 5 mm. The gaps under the three-meter rail on the surface of the planned base should not exceed 10 mm.
3.17. The width of the unreinforced concrete pavement tape should be no more than 4.5 m: the distance between the compression joints - no more than 7 m and between the expansion joints - no more than 42 m. on these pins. Water and cement laitance, which act on the surface of the concrete during its compaction, must be removed outside the slab. When constructing concrete pavements, special attention should be paid to the compaction of concrete at expansion joints and at the junction with the formwork.
3.18. The laid concrete of the coating must be covered and protected from dehydration after the disappearance of excess moisture from its surface, but no later than 4 hours from the moment of laying. As protective coatings, film-forming materials, bituminous and tar emulsions or a layer of sand (at least 10 cm thick) scattered over one layer of bituminous paper should be used. The sand must be kept wet for at least two weeks.
3.19. In the case of cutting expansion joints with cutters with diamond discs, the concrete strength of the coating must be at least 100 kgf / cm 2. The joints must be cut to a depth equal to at least 1/4 of the thickness of the coating, and filled with mastics. The removal of wooden laths from the expansion and compression joints should be carried out no earlier than two weeks after the installation of the coating. When removing the rails, it is necessary to prevent breakage of the edges of the seams.
3.20. Filling the joints with mastics should be done after the concrete of the joint has been cleaned and dried. To fill the joints of the coating, hot mastics should be used, consisting of 80% bitumen (grades BND-90/130 and BND-60/90) and 20% mineral filler powder, introduced into the heated bitumen during the preparation of the mastic. Mastics should be prepared centrally and delivered to the place of their use in insulated containers. The heating temperature of bitumen for the preparation of mastics and mastics during their laying should be + (160-180) ° С.
3.21. When the average daily air temperature is below +5°C and the minimum daily air temperature is below 0°C, the concreting of the coating and the base should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, for monolithic and reinforced concrete structures.
The pavement, during winter time, should not be subjected to traffic impacts in the spring within a month after the complete thawing of the pavement, if the concrete has not been subjected to artificial heating to full curing.
3.22. Slabs of prefabricated coatings of intra-block passages, sidewalks and platforms should be laid downhill on a pre-prepared base, starting from the lighthouse row, located along the axis of the coating or along its edge, depending on the direction of the runoff of the water surface. Laying should be carried out from oneself, moving slab laying machines over the trapped coating. Landing of slabs on a sandy base should be carried out by vibro-setting machines, and rolling - by vehicles until the visible sediment of the slabs disappears. Ledges at the joints of adjacent plates should not exceed 5 mm. The joints of the slabs must be filled with sealing materials immediately after the slabs have been installed.
3.23. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete tiles of sidewalks and footpaths, not designed to withstand an 8-ton axial load from vehicles, should be laid on a sand base with a width of paths and sidewalks up to 2 m. The sand base should have a lateral stop from the ground and be compacted to a density with a coefficient not lower than 0.98; have a thickness of at least 3 cm and ensure that the tiles fit perfectly when they are laid. The presence of gaps in the base when checking it with a template or a control rod is not allowed.
A tight fit of the tiles to the base is achieved by settling them during laying and immersing the tiles in the sand of the base up to 2 mm. Joints between tiles should be no more than 15 mm, vertical displacements in the joints between tiles should be no more than 2 mm.
3.24. When installing cement concrete pavements, the following should be checked: density and evenness of the base, correct installation of formwork and joints, coating thickness (by taking one core from a site no more than 2000 m 2), concrete care mode, evenness of the coating and the absence of cement laitance films on its surface .
3.25. Side stones should be installed on a soil base, compacted to a density with a coefficient of at least 0.98, or on a concrete base with soil sprinkled on the outside or reinforced with concrete. The board must repeat the design profile of the coating. Ledges at the joints of side stones in plan and profile are not allowed. At the intersections of intra-block passages and garden paths, curvilinear side stones should be installed. The device of a curved side with a radius of 15 m or less from straight stones is not allowed. Seams between stones should be no more than 10 mm.
The mortar for filling the joints should be prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 and have a mobility corresponding to 5-6 cm of immersion of a standard cone.
At the intersection of crossroads and pedestrian paths with sidewalks, approaches to sites and the carriageway of streets, side stones should be deepened with a smooth connection device to ensure the passage of prams, sledges, as well as the entry of vehicles.
In climatic subregions with an average monthly temperature of January -28 ° C and below, July +0 ° C and above, severe long winter, with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils, side walls made of monolithic concrete of a grade of at least 350 and frost resistance of at least 200. To absorb the loads arising from snow clearing, the dimensions of the side wall should be increased in height and width by 5 cm compared to the dimensions of the side stones.
3.26. The blind areas along the perimeter of buildings should be tightly adjacent to the basement of the building. The slope of the blind area must be at least 1% and not more than 10%.
In places inaccessible to the operation of mechanisms, the base under the blind areas can be compacted manually until the imprints from the impacts of the rammer disappear and the movement of the compacted material stops.
The outer edge of the blind area within the straight sections should not have horizontal and vertical curvature of more than 10 mm. Concrete blind area for frost resistance must meet the requirements for road concrete.
3.27. Steps of external stairs should be made of concrete grade not lower than 300 and frost resistance of at least 150 and have a slope of at least 1% towards the overlying step, as well as along the step.
(approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the USSR of 25.09.75 N 158)
Edition of 09/25/1975 - Valid from 07/01/1976
APPROVED
Decree
State Committee
Council of Ministers of the USSR
for construction
dated September 25, 1975
N 158
BUILDING REGULATIONS
SNiP III-10-75
Part III RULES OF PRODUCTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS
CHAPTER 10 IMPROVEMENT OF TERRITORIES
Chapter SPiP III-10-75 "Beautification of territories" was developed by the Giprokommunstroy of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RSFSR with the participation of the Central Research Institute of Spectacle Buildings and Sports Facilities of Gosgrazhdanstroy, the Soyuzsportproekt Institute of the USSR Sports Committee and the Rostov Research Institute of the Academy of Public Utilities. K. D. Pamfilova.
Editors: engineers A. I. Davydov (Gosstroy of the USSR), L. N. Gavrikov (Giprokommunstroy of the Mnizhilkommunkhoz of the RSFSR).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The rules of this chapter must be observed in the production and acceptance of works on the improvement of the territory, including their preparation for development, work with vegetative soil, the arrangement of intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths, playgrounds, fences, open planar sports facilities, equipment of recreation areas and landscaping.
The rules apply to work on the improvement of territories and sites for housing, civil, cultural, domestic and industrial purposes.
1.2. Territory landscaping work must be carried out in accordance with the working drawings, subject to the technological requirements provided for by the rules of this chapter and work plans.
1.3. Work on the preparation of the territory should begin with the marking of places for collecting and embanking vegetable soil, as well as places for transplanting plants that will be used for landscaping the territory.
1.4. The installation of various types of coatings for intra-block passages, sidewalks and platforms is allowed on any stable underlying soils, the bearing capacity of which changes under the influence of natural factors by no more than 20%.
1.5. It is allowed to use draining and non-draining sandy, sandy loamy and clay soils as underlying soils.
soils of all varieties, as well as slag, ash and slag mixtures and inorganic construction waste. The possibility of using soils as underlying soils must be specified in the project and confirmed by the construction laboratory.
1.6. Vegetative soil to be removed from the built-up areas must be cut, moved to specially designated places and stored. When working with vegetable soil, it should be protected from mixing with the underlying non-vegetative soil, from pollution, erosion and weathering.
The plant soil used for landscaping the territories, depending on the climatic sub-regions, should be harvested by removing the top cover of the earth to a depth of:
7-20 cm - with podzolic prizes in climatic subregions with average monthly temperatures in January of minus 28 ° C and below, in July - ± 0 ° C and above, severe long winters with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils. Permafrost soil should be harvested in the summer as it thaws and moved to dumps to roads for subsequent removal;
up to 25 cm - with brown earth and gray earth soils in climatic subregions with average monthly temperatures in January of minus 15 ° C and above and in July + 25 ° C and above, with hot sunny summers, a short winter period and subsiding soils;
7-20 cm on podzolic soils and 60-80 cm on chestnut and chernozem soils of other climatic subregions.
The thickness of the spreading uncompacted layer of plant soil should be at least 15 cm for podzolic soils and 30 cm for other soils and in all climatic subregions.
1.7. The suitability of plant soil for landscaping must be established by laboratory analysis.
The improvement of the mechanical composition of the plant soil should be carried out by introducing additives (sand, peat, lime, etc.) when spreading the plant soil by mixing the soil and additives two or three times,
Improving the fertility of plant soil should be carried out by introducing mineral and organic fertilizers into the top layer of plant soil during its spreading.
1.8. After removing the vegetative soil, drainage must be provided from the entire surface of the construction site.
1.9. When working with soil, the following loosening values should be taken into account: vegetable soil, sands with a fineness modulus of less than 2 and cohesive soils - 1.35; soil mixtures, sands with a fineness modulus of more than 2, gravel, stone and brick crushed stone, slag - 1.15.
1.10. The moisture content of the soil used for landscaping should be about 15% of its total moisture capacity. In case of insufficient moisture, the soil should be artificially moistened. The maximum soil moisture should not exceed the optimum: for silty sands and light coarse sandy loams - by 60%; for light and dusty sandy loam - by 35%; for heavy silty sandy loams, light and light silty loams - by 30%; for heavy and heavy silty loams - by 20%.
1.11. The materials used in the performance of landscaping work are specified in the project and must meet the requirements of the relevant standards and specifications.
Unimproved types of bases and coatings, as well as bases and coatings for sports facilities, should be made from the following basic materials: crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone and slag with a fraction size of 5-120 mm, stone, brick and slag crumb with a fraction size of 2-5 mm, screenings of construction debris without organic inclusions, as well as from sands with a filtration coefficient of at least 2.5 m / day.
Improved types of bases and coatings should be made from the following basic materials: monolithic road concrete of a grade of at least 300, prefabricated reinforced concrete road slabs of a grade of at least 300, as well as from asphalt concrete mixes: hot (with a laying temperature of at least +110 ° C), warm (with laying temperature not lower than +80°С) and cold (with laying temperature not lower than +10°С).
1.12. The preparation of territories for development should be carried out in the following technological sequence:
in territories free from buildings and green spaces, removal of plant soil in the directions of temporary surface drainage, as well as in places where earthworks are performed and removal or embankment of this soil; arrangement of temporary surface drainage with the construction of small artificial structures at intersections with transport routes;
after the completion of construction and installation works - arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with improved coatings and fences, spreading of vegetable soil, arrangement of driveways, sidewalks, paths and areas with non-improved types of coatings, planting green spaces, sowing lawns and planting flowers in flower beds, maintenance of green spaces.
1.13. The preparation of construction areas for the construction site, as well as the improvement of the construction area after the completion of construction and installation works, must be carried out within the following tolerances:
temporary drainage slopes must be at least 3 ‰;
the thickness of crushed stone, gravel and sand cushions for the foundations of landscaping structures should be at least 10 cm;
the thickness of sandy bases for prefabricated elements of coatings must be at least 3 cm;
the height difference of adjacent prefabricated landscaping elements should be no more than 5 mm;
the thickness of the seams of the prefabricated elements of the coatings should be no more than 25 mm.
The soil compaction coefficient of embankments should be at least 0.98 under coatings and at least 0.95 in other places.
1.14. Light compaction mechanisms include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 15 tons and rollers with smooth drums weighing up to 8 tons. Heavy compacting mechanisms should include rollers with pneumatic tires weighing up to 35 tons and rollers with smooth rollers weighing up to 18 tons.
1.15. For the production of blasting, specialized organizations should be involved.
1.16. Lawns (sown or turfed) and flower beds should be watered with water by sprinkling after sowing, laying turf or planting flowers. Watering should be done at least twice a week for a month.
1.17. When landscaping the territories, deviations from the design dimensions should not exceed:
height marks when working with vegetable soil ± 5 cm, when arranging bases for coatings and coatings of all types ± 5 cm;
thickness of layers of frost-protective, insulating, draining, as well as bases and coatings of all types ± 10%, but not more than 20 mm; vegetable soil ±20%;
clearance under a three-meter rail on bases and coatings is allowed: from soil, crushed stone, gravel and slag -15 mm; from asphalt concrete, bitumen-mineral mixtures and from cement concrete - 5 mm; lawn - not allowed;
the width of the base layer or coating of all types, except for cement concrete, - 10 cm, from cement concrete - 5 cm.
2. CLEARING TERRITORIES AND PREPARING THEM FOR DEVELOPMENT
2.1. The clearing of territories and their preparation for development should begin with the preliminary marking of the places of collection and embankment of vegetable soil and its removal, with protection from damage or transplantation of plants used in the future, as well as with the device for temporary drainage of water from the surface of the construction site.
2.2. Permanent drainage structures coinciding with temporary drainage structures should be erected in the process of preparing the territory for construction. These structures include: ditches, ditches, culverts under roads and driveways, bypass trays and devices to reduce the speed of water flow.
Artificial structures at the intersections of a temporary surface drainage system with temporary roads and driveways must allow surface and flood waters to pass from the entire catchment area for this artificial structure and have indelible channel supports at the approaches to the structures and behind them. When constructing artificial structures, a building rise of at least 5 cm on the axis of the road or passage must be maintained. The surface of the trough under the base must have a slope in the direction of water flow and be compacted to a density at which no imprint of a trace of the sealing agent appears. Gravel or crushed stone of the base should be compacted to a stable position. The installation depth of the spurs from the top of the base under the structure must be at least 50 cm.
2.3. Casting of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of artificial structures should be carried out on a cement mortar of a grade of at least 200, prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 (mortar composition 1: 3, mobility 6-8 cm of immersion of a standard cone). The joints of reinforced concrete pipe links must be insulated by gluing them with two layers of roofing material on hot bituminous mastic. The insulation must be applied over the pre-primed joint surface. Socket joints should be caulked with a resin strand, followed by chasing the joints with cement mortar.
2.4. Prefabricated slabs of trays should be laid on a sandy base. The slabs must be supported by the entire supporting surface, which is achieved by compressing the laid slabs with a moving load. When assembling the trays, the slabs should be laid closely.
2.5. Green spaces that are not subject to felling or replanting should be protected by a common fence. The trunks of free-standing trees that fall into the work area should be protected from damage by lining them with lumber waste. Separate bushes should be transplanted.
When dumping or cutting soil in areas of preserved green spaces, the size of holes and glasses in trees should be at least 0.5 crown diameter and not more than 30 cm in height from the existing ground surface at the tree trunk.
Trees and shrubs suitable for landscaping must be dug up or replanted in a specially designated buffer zone.
2.6. Clearing the area from trees can be carried out with the cutting of trees on the spot and the subsequent removal of logs, or with the cutting of fallen trees to the side.
2.7. Uprooting of stumps should be done by uprooters. Separate stumps that cannot be uprooted should be split by explosions. Cleaning uprooted stumps with their shift up to 1.5 km should be done by groups of bulldozers (at least 4 machines in a group).
2.8. Clearing the territory by felling trees together with the root should be carried out by bulldozers or pullers with high dumps, starting from the middle of the massif overgrown with trees. When felling, trees should be laid with their tops towards the middle. At the end of the felling, the trees, together with their roots, are dug to the place where they are cut.
2.9. Cleaning of scraps of roots from the vegetation layer should be carried out immediately after cleaning the area from stumps and logs. Root fragments should be removed from the vegetation layer by parallel passages of rooters with widened dumps. Removed roots and bushes should be removed from the cleared area to specially designated areas for subsequent removal or burning.
2.11. Full or partial dismantling of buildings or their demolition should begin with the removal of individual structural elements that are deemed appropriate to reuse in a particular building. Elements that can be removed only after partial dismantling of the building must be protected from damage during dismantling.
2.12. Dismantling of buildings should begin with the removal of heating and ventilation devices, sanitary equipment and installation electrical equipment, communication and radio equipment, and gas supply equipment. Wires, risers and wiring that cannot be removed, which can serve as connections during the dismantling of the building, must be cut into pieces that exclude the possibility of the formation of these connections.
At the same time, hardware suitable for further use, metal elements of fences, parts of floors, etc., amenable to seizure, parts of the building must be removed.
2.13. Wooden non-separable, stone and concrete structures should be demolished by breaking and collapsing with subsequent removal of scrap or by burning wooden structures on site.
Before the collapse of the vertical parts of the structure, the top covering elements, which can interfere with demolition operations, must be removed. The vertical parts of the building should be collapsed inward. When using a truck crane or excavator crane for demolition, a metal ball should be used as an impact element, the weight of which should not exceed half the carrying capacity of the mechanism at the maximum reach of the boom. In some cases, blasting should be used to preliminarily weaken buildings.
2.14. The possibility of burning a wooden structure on site or scrap from its disassembly in a specially designated place must be agreed with the local Soviets of Workers' Deputies, as well as with the fire and sanitary inspection.
2.15. Wooden collapsible structures should be dismantled, rejecting prefabricated elements for their subsequent use. During disassembly, each separable prefabricated element must first be unfastened in a stable position.
2.16. Scrap from the dismantling of stone structures, suitable for further use, should be sieved in order to separate the wooden and metal components from it.
2.17. Monolithic reinforced concrete and metal structures should be dismantled according to a specially designed demolition scheme that ensures the stability of the structure as a whole. The largest weight of a reinforced concrete block or a metal element should not exceed half the lifting capacity of the cranes at the maximum reach of the boom. Dividing into blocks should begin with the opening of the reinforcement. Then the block must be fixed, after which the reinforcement is cut and the block is broken. Metal elements should be cut off after unfastening.
2.18. Prefabricated reinforced concrete buildings should be dismantled according to the demolition scheme, the reverse of the installation scheme. Before starting the withdrawal, the element must be released from the bonds.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that are not amenable to element-by-element separation must be dismembered as monolithic.
2.19. Underground parts of buildings and structures, if necessary, should be examined in separate characteristic areas. According to the results of the survey, the method of disassembling them should be clarified.
2.20. The foundation to be demolished should be opened at the site of the formation of the initial face. Rubble masonry foundations should be dismantled using impact devices and an excavator. Rubble concrete and concrete foundations should be broken open with impact devices or by shaking with explosions, followed by the removal of scrap. Reinforced concrete foundations should be dismantled, starting with the exposure and cutting of reinforcement and their subsequent division into blocks.
2.21. Dismantling of roads, sidewalks, platforms and underground utilities should begin with the removal of vegetative soil in the adjacent areas of disassembly and its cleaning in specially designated areas.
2.22. Asphalt concrete pavements of roads, sidewalks and sites should be dismantled by cutting or cracking asphalt concrete and removing it for further processing.
2.23. Cement-concrete coatings and bases for coatings (monolithic) should be broken up by concrete breaking machines, followed by hilling and removal of concrete scrap.
2.24. Crushed stone and gravel pavements and bases for pavements should be dismantled, avoiding contamination of these materials by the underlying soil. Removal of crushed stone and gravel coatings and bases for coatings should begin with loosening the coating or base, storing crushed stone or gravel in heaps, removing curbstones, followed by removal of materials for reuse.
2.25. A sandy base with a thickness of more than 5 cm should be dismantled, bearing in mind the possibility of subsequent use of sand.
2.26. Underground communications should be torn off in sections without exposing the trenches to the danger of flooding by surface or ground water. Opening should be done with excavators. Places for cutting or disassembling communications must be cleared additionally.
2.27. Pipeline networks of channelless laying should be disassembled by gas cutting them into separate components or by separating socket joints. Channelless laying cables must be opened by excavators, removed from the protective coating, inspected and, if possible, reused, decoupled with termination of the ends, cleaned and wound on drums.
2.28. Pipelines laid in impassable channels must be dismantled in the following sequence: open the channel, remove the plates (shells) that cover the pipelines from above, remove the insulation of the pipelines at the points of their dissection, cut the pipelines and remove them from the channel, disassemble and remove the remaining prefabricated elements of the channel, hack and remove monolithic channel elements from the trench with scrap, examine the withdrawn elements of pipelines and the channel in order to reuse them, free the work site from the removed elements and scrap, fill the trench with layer-by-layer soil compaction.
2.29. Cables laid in cable collectors should be examined, uncoupled, terminated and removed from the channels by winding the cables onto drums. Next, work must be carried out to remove the elements of the channels in the sequence described for pipelines laid in impassable channels.
2.30. Trenches and pits from under the underground parts of buildings and communications, having a width of more than three meters, should be filled with layer-by-layer compaction, regardless of the time of subsequent construction work at this place, with the exception of trenches and pits that fall into the area of pits for newly constructed buildings and structures .
2.31. Acceptance of territories after their clearing and preparation for improvement should be carried out taking into account the following requirements:
ground and underground buildings and structures subject to demolition must be eliminated. Places of liquidation of underground structures should be covered with soil and compacted;
temporary drainage, excluding flooding and waterlogging of individual places and the entire building area as a whole, must be carried out;
green spaces to be preserved in the built-up area must be reliably protected from possible damage during the construction process. Stumps, tree trunks, bushes and roots, after cleaning the built-up area from them, must be removed, liquidated or stored in specially designated places;
vegetable soil must be collected in specially designated places, hilled and strengthened;
earthworks and planning work must be completed in full. The embankments to the excavation shall be compacted to the design density factor and profiled to the design elevations.
3. PATHWAYS, PEDESTRIANS AND PLANTS
3.2. Intra-quarter driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be built with a wrapping profile; used during the construction period must be equipped with a temporary open drainage system. The curb stone on these driveways and platforms should be installed after the completion of planning work in the territories adjacent to them at a distance of at least 3 m.
3.3. In permafrost areas, in order to preserve the underlying soil in a frozen state, clearing of places for laying driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms should be carried out in winter and only within the boundaries of their laying. Violation of the vegetation and moss layer is not allowed. Additional frost-protective and waterproofing base layers for these structures must be carried out in compliance with measures to protect them from damage by vehicles, leveling and compacting machines, as well as to protect them from pollution. When installing a frost-protective layer, the soil to be removed must be removed immediately before filling the frost-protective layer. Waterproofing layers of rolled materials should be arranged on the downstream side with respect to the direction of water flow with overlapping of the strips of insulating material by 10 cm. An additional layer of soil, poured over the waterproofing layer, must have a thickness of at least 30 cm and fall off from itself.
When installing additional layers, their thickness and cleanliness should be checked with the selection of at least one sample on an area of \u200b\u200bnot more than 500 m2 and at least five samples from the area being filled.
3.4. For the lower and middle layers of crushed stone bases and coatings for driveways, sidewalks, footpaths and platforms, crushed stone of fractions 40-70 and 70-120 mm should be used; for the upper layers of bases and coatings - 40-70 mm, for wedging - 5-10 mm; for gravel bases and coatings, an optimal gravel mixture of fractions of 40-120 mm should be used, for wedging - 5-10 mm.
3.5. Crushed stone and gravel in the layer should be compacted three times. In the first rolling, the placer must be compacted and the crushed stone or gravel must be in a stable position. In the second rolling, the rigidity of the base or coating must be achieved due to the interlocking of the fractions. In the third rolling, the formation of a dense bark in the upper part of the layer should be achieved by wedging the surface with fine fractions. Signs of the end of compaction in the second and third periods are the lack of mobility of crushed stone or gravel, the cessation of the formation of a wave in front of the rink, the absence of a trace from the rink, as well as the crushing of individual crushed stones or grains of gravel by the rollers of the rink, but not pressing them into the top layer.
3.6. When installing slag bases and coatings, the maximum thickness of the compacted slag layer (in a dense state) should not exceed 15 cm. The slag should be watered before being distributed over the subgrade at the rate of 30 liters of water per 1 m3 of uncompacted slag. Slag compaction should be carried out first with light rollers without watering, and then with heavy ones, with watering in small doses at the rate of up to 60 l/m3 of uncompacted slag. After rolling, the slag base (coating) must be watered for 10-12 days at the rate of 2.5 l/m3 of uncompacted slag.
3.7. The material of the lower layers of crushed stone, gravel and sand bases for coatings, as well as crushed stone and gravel coatings laid on a waterlogged, pre-compacted and profiled surface of a subgrade or trough, should be distributed only from itself. Before distributing the material on the waterlogged surface, drainage grooves 20-25 cm wide and not less than the thickness of the waterlogged layer should be cut. The grooves should be located at a distance of no more than 3 m from one another and cut along the slope or at an angle of 30-60 ° to the direction of the slope. The soil from the grooves must be removed outside the pavement. Water drainage through grooves should be carried out 3 m from the boundaries of the coating. The slope of the grooves must either repeat the slope of the backfilled surface, or be at least 2%. The distribution of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be carried out only from the highest marks to the lowest. The thickness of the spreading layer of crushed stone, gravel and sand should be such that waterlogged soil is not squeezed out through the pores of the spreading material. When spreading crushed stone, gravel and sand, it is necessary to ensure that the drainage grooves are filled up first. The movement of cars and people on the waterlogged soil of the covered surface is not allowed.
3.8. In winter conditions, it is allowed to arrange gravel, crushed stone and slag bases and coatings. Bases and coatings made of crushed stone of high-strength rocks should be wedged with crushed limestone. Before spreading the base, the subgrade surface must be cleared of snow and ice. The base or cover material must be compacted and wedged out without watering before freezing occurs. The thickness of the compacted layer of material should be no more than 15 cm (in a dense state). Bases and coatings from active blast-furnace slags should be made from slag fractions less than 70 mm for both the lower and upper layers. Before laying the upper layers along the lower layer, it is necessary to open the movement of construction vehicles for 15-20 days. During thaws and before spring snowmelt, the laid layer should be cleared of snow and ice. Correction of deformations should be carried out only after stabilization and drying of the subgrade soil and all layers of the base and coating, as well as checking the degree of their compaction. It is also allowed to install concrete bases and coatings with the addition of chloride salts.
3.9. When installing crushed stone, gravel and slag bases and coatings, the following should be checked: the quality of materials; subgrade surface planning; the thickness of the base or coating layer at the rate of one measurement per 2000 m2, but not less than five measurements on any area; degree of compaction.
3.10. The covering of garden paths and platforms should be carried out from four layers. When arranging garden paths and playgrounds, the following layer thicknesses should be taken: the lower layer (made of crushed stone, gravel, slag) with a thickness of at least 60 mm, the upper wedging layer with a thickness of at least 20 mm, the upper layer (made of crushed stone materials and slag) with a thickness of at least 10 mm and cover (made of pure sand) with a thickness of at least 5 mm. Each of the layers after uniform distribution should be compacted with watering.
3.11. Asphalt concrete pavements may only be laid in dry weather. Substrates for asphalt concrete pavements must be free of dirt and dry. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from hot and cold mixes should not be lower than +5°С in spring and summer and not lower than +10°С in autumn. The air temperature during the laying of asphalt concrete pavements from thermal mixtures should not be lower than -10°C.
3.12* The base or layer of previously laid asphalt concrete 3-5 hours before laying the asphalt mixture must be treated with thinned or liquid bitumen or bitumen emulsion at a rate of 0.5 l/m2. Pre-treatment with bitumen or bitumen emulsion is not required when asphalt concrete is laid over a base constructed with organic binder treatment or over a freshly laid asphalt sublayer.
3.13. When laying asphalt mixes, to ensure the seamless connection of adjacent strips, asphalt pavers must be equipped with equipment for heating the edges of previously laid asphalt concrete strips. A joint device is allowed by laying the edge along the board.
3.14. Asphalt concrete pavements from hot and thermal mixes should be compacted in two stages. At the first stage, preliminary compaction is carried out by 5-6 passes in one place with light rollers at a speed of 2 km/h. At the second stage, the mixture is additionally compacted with heavy rollers by 4-5 passes in one place at a speed of 5 km/h. The pavement is considered rolled if no wave forms on the pavement in front of the roller and no trace of the drum is imprinted. After 2-3 passes of light rollers, the evenness of the pavement should be checked with a three-meter rail and a cross-slope template. The required number of passes of the roller in one place should be determined by trial rolling. In places inaccessible to the skating rink, the asphalt concrete mixture should be compacted with hot metal rammers and smoothed out with hot metal irons. The mixture should be compacted until the complete disappearance of traces from the blows of the rammer on the surface of the coating.
3.15. When installing asphalt concrete pavements, it is necessary to check the temperature of the mixture during laying and compaction, the evenness and thickness of the laid layer, the sufficiency of compaction of the mixture, the quality of the mating of the edges of the strips, and compliance with the design parameters. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of the laid asphalt concrete pavement, cores or cuttings of at least one sample should be taken from an area of not more than 2000 m2.
The coefficient of compaction of a coating of hot or warm asphalt concrete mix should be at least 0.93% 10 days after compaction; water saturation - no more than 5%.
3.16. Monolithic concrete pavements should be laid on a sandy base, compacted to a density coefficient of at least 0.98. The difference in marks of adjacent formwork elements (rail-forms) should not exceed 5 mm. Expansion joint frames and gaskets should be installed after the preparation of the base, installation and alignment of the covering formwork. The gap between the formwork, frame and gaskets should be no more than 5 mm. The gaps under the three-meter rail on the surface of the planned base should not exceed 10 mm.
3.17. The width of the unreinforced concrete pavement tape should be no more than 4.5 m: the distance between the compression seams - no more than 7 m and between the expansion seams - no more than 42 m. these pins. Water and cement laitance, which act on the surface of the concrete during its compaction, must be removed outside the slab. When constructing concrete pavements, special attention should be paid to the compaction of concrete at expansion joints and at the junction with the formwork.
3.18. The laid concrete of the coating must be covered and protected from dehydration after the disappearance of excess moisture from its surface, but no later than 4 hours from the moment of laying. As protective coatings, film-forming materials, bituminous and tar emulsions or a layer of sand (at least 10 cm thick) scattered over one layer of bituminous paper should be used. The sand must be kept wet for at least two weeks.
3.19. In the case of cutting expansion joints with cutters with diamond discs, the concrete strength of the coating must be at least 100 kgf/cm2. The joints must be cut to a depth equal to at least 1/4 of the thickness of the coating, and filled with mastics. The removal of wooden laths from the expansion and compression joints should be carried out no earlier than two weeks after the installation of the coating. When removing the rails, it is necessary to prevent breakage of the edges of the seams.
3.20. Filling the joints with mastics should be done after the concrete of the joint has been cleaned and dried. To fill the joints of the coating, hot mastics should be used, consisting of 80% bitumen (grades BND-90/130 and BND-60/90) and 20% mineral filler powder, introduced into the heated bitumen during the preparation of the mastic. Mastics should be prepared centrally and delivered to the place of their use in insulated containers. The bitumen heating temperature for the preparation of mastics and mastics during their laying should be + (160-180) ° С.
3.21. When the average daily air temperature is below +5°C and the minimum daily air temperature is below 0°C, the concreting of the coating and the base should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, for monolithic and reinforced concrete structures.
The pavement, during winter time, should not be subjected to traffic impacts in the spring within a month after the complete thawing of the pavement, if the concrete has not been subjected to artificial heating to full curing.
3.22. Slabs of prefabricated coatings of intra-block passages, sidewalks and platforms should be laid downhill on a pre-prepared base, starting from the lighthouse row, located along the axis of the coating or along its edge, depending on the direction of the runoff of the water surface. Laying should be carried out from oneself, moving slab laying machines over the trapped coating. Planting of slabs on a sandy base should be carried out by vibro-setting machines, and rolling - by vehicles until the visible sediment of the slabs disappears. Ledges at the joints of adjacent plates should not exceed 5 mm. The joints of the slabs must be filled with sealing materials immediately after the slabs have been installed.
3.23. Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete tiles of sidewalks and footpaths, not designed to withstand an 8-ton axial load from vehicles, should be laid on a sand base with a width of paths and sidewalks up to 2 m. The sand base should have a lateral stop from the ground and be compacted to a density with a coefficient not lower than 0.98; have a thickness of at least 3 cm and ensure that the tiles fit perfectly when they are laid. The presence of gaps in the base when checking it with a template or a control rod is not allowed.
A tight fit of the tiles to the base is achieved by settling them during laying and immersing the tiles in the sand of the base up to 2 mm. Joints between tiles should be no more than 15 mm, vertical displacements in the joints between tiles should be no more than 2 mm.
3.24. When installing cement concrete pavements, the following should be checked: the density and evenness of the base, the correct installation of the formwork and the arrangement of joints, the thickness of the coating (by taking one core from a site no more than 2000 m2), the concrete maintenance regime, the evenness of the coating and the absence of cement laitance films on its surface.
3.25. Side stones should be installed on a soil base, compacted to a density with a coefficient of at least 0.98, or on a concrete base with soil sprinkled on the outside or reinforced with concrete. The board must repeat the design profile of the coating. Ledges at the joints of side stones in plan and profile are not allowed. At the intersections of intra-block passages and garden paths, curvilinear side stones should be installed. The device of a curved side with a radius of 15 m or less from straight stones is not allowed. Seams between stones should be no more than 10 mm.
The mortar for filling the joints should be prepared on Portland cement of a grade of at least 400 and have a mobility corresponding to 5-6 cm of immersion of a standard cone.
At the intersection of intra-block passages and pedestrian paths with sidewalks, approaches to playgrounds and the carriageway of streets, side stones should be buried with a smooth connection device to ensure the passage of prams, sledges, as well as the entry of vehicles.
In climatic subregions with an average monthly temperature of January -28 ° C and below, July +0 ° C and above, severe long winters, with a snow cover depth of up to 1.2 m and permafrost soils, it is allowed to install side walls made of monolithic concrete of a grade of at least 350 and frost resistance not less than 200. To absorb the loads that occur when clearing snow, the dimensions of the side wall should be increased in height and width by 5 cm compared to the dimensions of the side stones.
3.26. The blind areas along the perimeter of buildings should be tightly adjacent to the basement of the building. The slope of the blind area should be at least 1% and not more than 10%.
In places inaccessible to the operation of mechanisms, the base under the blind areas can be compacted manually until the imprints from the impacts of the rammer disappear and the movement of the compacted material stops.
The outer edge of the blind area within the straight sections should not have horizontal and vertical curvature of more than 10 mm. Concrete blind area for frost resistance must meet the requirements for road concrete.
3.27. Steps of external stairs must be made of concrete of a grade of at least 300 and frost resistance of at least 150 and have a slope of at least 1% towards the overlying step, as well as along the step.
4. FENCES
4.1. Fences should be arranged mainly in the form of hedges from single-row or multi-row plantings of shrubs, from precast concrete elements, metal sections, wood and wire. The use of metal and wire for fencing should be limited. The installation of permanent fences with the use of wood is allowed only in forest surplus areas.
4.2. Permanent and temporary fences should be installed taking into account the following technological requirements:
the axial lines of the fence should be fixed on the ground by installing leading marks, the durability of which should be determined based on the specific conditions of the construction site;
the trench under the basement of the fence must be opened mechanically with a margin of up to 10 cm in width on both sides of the axis and 10 cm deeper than the position mark of the bottom of the basement (for the device of the drainage layer). The length of the capture of the trench to be opened should be set taking into account the shedding of the soil of the walls of the trench;
pits for fence posts should be drilled 10 cm deeper than the installation depth of the posts to allow the top of the posts to be installed along one horizontal line in areas as long as possible, to install a drainage cushion and eliminate the need for manual cleaning of the bottom of the pit; in clays and loams, pits must have a depth of at least 80 cm, and in sands and sandy loams - at least 1 m;
drainage material in pits and trenches must be compacted: sand-irrigation, gravel and crushed stone - rammed to a state at which the movement of crushed stone and gravel stops under the influence of sealing agents. In sandy and sandy loamy soils, drainage pillows for plinths and fence posts are not made.
4.3. Fences in the form of hedges should be arranged by planting one row of shrubs in pre-prepared trenches with a width and depth of at least 50 cm. For each subsequent row of plantings of shrubs, the width of the trenches should be increased by 20 cm. from wire on racks. The arrangement of hedges should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the section "Landscaping".
4.4. Fences on racks installed without concreting the underground part should be arranged immediately after the racks are installed. Fences made of reinforced concrete or metal posts, installed with concreting of the underground part, should be arranged no earlier than two weeks after the bottom of the posts has been concreted.
4.5. Wooden posts for fences must have a diameter of at least 14 cm and a length of at least 2.3 m. The part of the post immersed in the ground for at least 1 m must be protected from decay by coating with heated bitumen or by firing in a fire until a coal layer is formed. The top of the rack should be sharpened at an angle of 120°.
4.6. Racks without shoes should be installed in pits with a diameter of 30 cm and covered with a mixture of soil and crushed stone or gravel with layer-by-layer tamping during backfilling. At the level of the ground surface, the post should be sprinkled with a cone of soil up to 5 cm high. The posts, reinforced in the ground by concreting the underground part, should be concreted only after their vertical and plan positions have been verified. The vertical deviation of the racks, as well as their position in the plan, should not exceed 10 mm.
Fences made of wire stretched over posts should be erected starting with the installation of angular diagonal and cross ties between the posts. Cross connections between posts should be installed no more than 50 m.
4.7. Diagonal and cross ties must be cut into the posts, tightly fitted and secured with brackets. The ties should be cut into the racks to a depth of 2 cm with a cut and cut of the contact planes until they fit snugly. Staples must be hammered in perpendicular to the axis of the connecting element. In the upper part of the communication post, it should be cut off at a height of at least 20 cm from the beginning of the taper. In the lower part - no higher than 20 cm from the daytime surface of the earth.
4.8. The wire fence should follow the terrain. The wire should be installed parallel to the ground in rows at least every 25 cm. The barbed wire fence is complemented by cross-shaped wire crossings in each section. All intersections of parallel rows of barbed wire with cross ones must be tied with knitting wire.
4.9. When constructing wire fences, the wire should be attached starting from the bottom row at a height of no more than 20 cm from the ground. To wooden racks, the wire should be fastened with nails. Wire, diagonal and cross ties must be attached to reinforced concrete and metal racks with special grips provided for in the project.
The tension of the wire should be carried out until the deflection of the wire disappears. The length of the stretched wire should be no more than 50 m.
4.10. Fences made of steel mesh should be made in the form of sections installed between the posts.
Sections to racks should be fixed by welding to embedded parts. Stacks for steel mesh fences can be installed in advance or at the same time as the sections are installed. In the latter case, the fixing of the posts in the ground should be carried out after aligning the position of the fence in plan and profile, the posts - vertically and the top of the sections - horizontally. Metal and reinforced concrete racks should be fixed with concrete.
4.11. Precast concrete fences should be installed starting with the installation of the first two posts on temporary anchors holding the posts upright. In the racks, the grooves must be cleaned and the prefabricated elements of the fence must be inserted into them. The assembled section must be installed on temporary fasteners in the design position. After that, the section filling panel must be crimped with mounting clamps until it fits snugly against the posts in the grooves. Then, a third post is installed on temporary fasteners and the filling of the second section of the fence is similarly assembled and attached. After installation of several sections of the fence, its position in plan and horizontally should be verified and all racks should be concreted, except for the last one, which should be concreted after assembly and alignment of the position of the next few sections of the fence. Racks of a prefabricated reinforced concrete fence must be concreted and aged on temporary fasteners for at least one week. Concrete for fastening racks must have a minimum of 200 and frost resistance of at least 50 cycles.
4.12. In places of lowering the daytime surface of the earth and on slopes, filling or additional plinths should be arranged, placing the sections horizontally, in ledges with a height difference of not more than 1/4 of the height of the section. Plinths should be made of standard elements or bricks with a width of at least 39 cm. The top of a brick plinth should be covered with a gable drain from a mortar grade of at least 150 and frost resistance of at least 50 cycles.
4.13. During the construction of fences on permafrost soils, the posts should be buried at least 1 m below the active layer of permafrost. It is allowed to backfill the racks with non-cohesive soils or coat the bottom of the racks with anti-rock waterproofing grease to the entire depth of immersion in the ground.
4.14. Acceptance of fences should be carried out by checking the straightness and verticality of the fence. Deviations in the position of the entire fence and its individual elements in plan, vertically and horizontally by more than 20 mm, as well as the presence of defects that affect the aesthetic perception of the fence or its strength, are not allowed. Diagonal and cross ties must be tightly fitted and securely fastened. Fencing posts should not swing. Prefabricated elements of fences should sit tightly in the grooves. Metal elements of fences and welded joints must be painted over with weather-resistant paints.
5. OPEN FLAT SPORT FACILITIES
5.1. The main construction processes in the construction of open planar sports facilities should be carried out in the following technological sequence: removal of the vegetative layer and embankment of the vegetative soil, site marking; surface drainage device; preparation of the underlying layer from cohesive, draining or filtering soils; layered coating device; coating wear layer device; installation of sports equipment and marking.
5.2. The arrangement of the underlying layer should be carried out by layer-by-layer spreading and compaction of this soil layer. When compacting the soil of the underlying layers with rollers weighing 1.2 tons, the thickness of the compacted layers should not exceed 30 cm for cohesive soils and sands with a fineness modulus of less than 2 and 20 cm for sands with a fineness modulus of more than 2. The required soil compaction should be achieved by 12-15 passes of the roller along one place.
5.3. Filter layers must be made in compliance with measures that exclude clogging of voids between stones and reduce the filtering capacity of the layer. When filling layers, a larger stone should be laid down, and a smaller one - on top.
The minimum stone size for the body of the filter layer must be at least 70 mm. The spreading of stone in the filter layer should be carried out by leveling machines that compact the filter layer during its installation.
5.4. During the construction of open planar sports facilities, the following materials should be used:
for the lower layer of coatings - crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone, slag with a fraction of 40-70 mm. Fractions smaller and larger than the specified sizes are allowed in the amount of not more than half the volume of the main fractions. The thickness of the base in a dense body must be at least 50 mm;
for the intermediate layer of coatings - crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone, slag with a fraction of 15-25 mm, as well as wavy peat, rubber crumb, cord fiber flakes, waste from regenerative, chemical and polyethylene production, dehydrating the top layer of coatings due to their own moisture capacity and drainage outlet from the base of the coating. The thickness of the intermediate layer of crushed stone, gravel and slag must be at least 30 mm, and of elastic moisture-absorbing materials - at least 10 mm;
for the top layer of the coating - crushed stone, gravel, brick crushed stone, slag with a fraction of 5-15 mm. It is allowed to have small fractions with a size of at least 3 mm in an amount not exceeding 1/3 of the volume of the main fractions. Fluff lime can be used as a component of the top layer of the coating in an amount of 15% of the volume of the top layer material. The thickness of the upper coating layer in a dense body must be at least 40 mm;
for the wear layer of the coating - stone, brick and slag chips with a fraction of at least 2 mm and not more than 5 mm. Sand with a particle size modulus of at least 2.5 can also be used. The thickness of the uncompacted wear layer during its spreading should be at least 5 mm;
for the subsoil layer of a sports lawn - a soil similar in granulometric composition to light loam, mixed in a ratio of 1: 1 by volume with sand having a fineness modulus of not more than 2. The thickness of the subsoil layer in a dense body should be at least 8 cm;
for the soil layer of a sports lawn - a soil similar in granulometric composition to light loam, having a slightly acidic reaction (pH = 6.5) and containing humus 4-8%, nitrogen (according to Tyurin) at least 6 mg per 100 g of soil, phosphorus ( according to Kirsanov) not less than 25 mg per 100 g of soil, potassium (according to Peive) 10-15 mg per 100 g of soil. The thickness of the soil layer in a dense body must be at least 8 cm.
Sods for the top layer of sports turf should contain meadow grasses (meadow mint, bent grass, fescue, rheigrass). An admixture of white clover and wild herbs is allowed in an amount of not more than 10%. Sods should be cut in the form of rectangular plates with sides no larger than 30x40 cm and have vertical side edges. The thickness of the turf must be at least 6 cm. During transportation and storage, the turf should be stored in stacks of no more than 8 pieces. It is not allowed to store sods in piles for more than five days.
Special coatings should only be installed in accordance with the design guidelines.
5.5. The laying of the coating should be preceded by the creation of a side stop in the form of a pre-installed side stone, concrete, soil or wooden edge, as well as other devices provided for by the project. Scattering of materials and their compaction without creating a side stop is not allowed.
5.6. When spreading materials, the base of the track and traces of machines on the surface of the underlying layer must be smoothed and rolled with rollers weighing at least 1.2 tons with smooth rollers. Machines performing work on the spreading of base materials must move over the spreading materials.
5.7. Compaction of crushed stone, gravel and slag in the base and intermediate layer should be carried out in two stages with irrigation at the rate of 4-8 l/m2. At the first stage, compaction should be carried out with light (weighing at least 0.8 tons) rollers with smooth rollers in 2-3 passes in one place. At the second stage, the elephant is compacted by rollers with smooth rollers weighing 1.2 tons in 3-5 passes in one place. In both cases, compaction is carried out until the formation of a wave in front of the rollers and traces from the roller ceases. At the end of each stage of compaction, the thickness, evenness and slopes of the layer should be checked. In places of subsidence, the layer should be filled up and compacted until the formation of a wave in front of the rollers and traces from the rink ceases. In places inaccessible to the roller, compaction can be done with hand rammers until the formation of rammer marks stops.
5.8. An intermediate layer of elastic moisture-absorbing materials should be laid on the surface of the base without sealing with special sealing agents. When laying the intermediate layer, the movement of vehicles delivering the material of the intermediate layer is not allowed, and the movement of mechanisms spreading and leveling this material should also be limited.
5.9. During the delivery and spreading of the materials of the upper layer of the coating, violations and contamination of the intermediate layer, as well as arrivals of cars on the intermediate layer, should not be allowed. The movement of transport and construction machines and mechanisms, except for planning ones, should be allowed only on the spread material of the upper layer. after the first stage of its compaction.
5.10. The sealing of the top layer should be done in two stages. The first stage of compaction consists of 1-2 passes over one place of a 1.2 t roller with smooth rollers without irrigation and is carried out for the settlement of compacted materials. The second stage of compaction should be carried out with rollers weighing 1.2 tons with smooth rollers with irrigation at the rate of 10-15 l/m2. Compaction is carried out until the formation of traces from the roller stops. Consolidation at the second stage is achieved after 5-10 arrivals of the rink in one place. In places of subsidence, the layers should be filled up, profiled and re-compacted. At the end of each stage of compaction, the thickness, evenness and slopes of the layer should be checked.
6.11. The wear layer should be applied immediately after rolling and checking the top coat. Before spreading the wear layer materials, the top layer of the coating must be. re-watered at the rate of 5-10 l/m2. After spreading, the wear layer is rolled with a 1.2 t roller with smooth rollers in 2-3 passes in one place. A sign of the end of the wear layer compaction is the absence of traces of the passage of the roller and the absence on the surface of the wear layer of places not covered by the material of the wear layer.
5.12. The construction of a sports turf should begin with the distribution and compaction of the subsoil, avoiding damage and contamination of the intermediate layer of the surface. The movement of transport, construction machines and mechanisms, except for planning ones, should be allowed only along the subsoil layer after its compaction without irrigation by one pass of rollers weighing 1.2 tons with smooth rollers. Compaction of the subsoil layer is carried out by 1-2 passes of rollers with irrigation at the rate of 10-12 l/m2. Irrigation of the subsoil layer should be carried out 10-15 hours before the start of rolling. In places of subsidence, the subsoil is filled up, profiled and re-compacted. The presence of subsidence on the surface of the layer under the control three-meter rail is not allowed. During the delivery and spreading of the soil of the soil layer, the movement of vehicles and construction vehicles on it, except for leveling and compacting, should not be allowed. The supply of soil for the soil layer should be carried out only from the subsoil layer. Ruts and traces of passages of machines and mechanisms on the subsoil layer must be profiled and rolled before spreading the soil layer. 10-15 hours before rolling, the soil layer should be watered at the rate of 10-12 l/m2. Rolling of the soil layer should be carried out by rollers weighing 1.2 tons with smooth rollers in two passes in one place (along and across the field).
In places of subsidence, the layer must be filled up, profiled and re-compacted. The presence of subsidence on the surface of the layer under the control three-meter rail is not allowed.
5.13. When creating a sports lawn by sowing seeds, the prepared soil layer must be loosened and kept fallow for at least three weeks. Before sowing the seeds, the soil layer must be re-loosened and the weeds removed from the lawn.
First, large seeds should be sown, planting them to a depth of up to 10 mm while creating a seed bed for small seeds sown in a direction perpendicular to the sowing of large seeds. Small seeds should be embedded to a depth of 3 mm. After sowing the seeds, the surface of the lawn must be rolled with a roller weighing up to 100 kg.
5.14. The construction of the upper layer of the sports lawn from turf should be carried out using sighting pegs driven into the subsoil layer after 3 m. The turf to be laid should be tamped down with light blows. In places of subsidence under the turf, the missing soil layer should be poured. Excessively thick sods should be trimmed along the lower plane. When laying sods, the seams between them should not exceed 3 mm and are sealed with soil mixture and overseeding of grasses. The presence of subsidence on the surface of the layer under the control three-meter rail is not allowed.
5.15. The arrangement of the upper layer of the sports lawn by vegetative reproduction should be carried out by planting shoots of rhizomatous grasses and wild plants (creeping bent grass, pigweed, etc.). The shoots must be at least 100 mm long. The sprouts should be planted in a soil layer of at least 50 mm, to a depth of 10 mm with a slight compaction of the soil above them.
5.16. Acceptance of the lawn of open planar sports facilities should be carried out:
when turfing lawns - immediately after the completion of turfing work;
when sowing seeds and planting shoots - a month after sowing seeds or planting shoots.
Acceptance of structures with snow cover is not allowed.
During the construction process, the preparation of the surface of the underlying layer or subgrade, the arrangement and compaction of the structural layers of the coating, the implementation of the drainage system at the base of the lawn coating should be examined and acted upon.
5.17. Elements of equipment for recreation areas (benches, sandboxes, mushrooms, etc.) must be made in accordance with the project, securely fastened, painted with moisture-resistant paints and meet the following additional requirements:
wooden - protected from decay, made of coniferous wood of at least 2nd grade, smoothly sharpened;
concrete and reinforced concrete - made of concrete of a grade of at least 300, frost resistance of at least 150, have smooth surfaces;
metal - have reliable connections.
Elements loaded with dynamic influences (swings, roundabouts, stairs, etc.) must be checked for reliability and stability.
5.18. Soil microrelief slopes must have slopes not exceeding the angles of natural slope of the soil from which they are poured, and be sod, seeded or landscaped in accordance with the requirements of the "Landscaping of built-up areas" section.
5.19. Devices for fastening flag holders, signs, advertising, etc., must be made during the construction of buildings or structures in places established by the project, by a representative of architectural supervision or by the technical supervision inspection of the customer.
5.20. Sand in the sandboxes of playgrounds should not have impurities of grains of gravel, silt and clay. For sandboxes, sifted washed river sand should be used. The use of mountain sand is not allowed.
6. LANDSCAPING OF DEVELOPMENT AREAS
6.1. Planting material for landscaping the territories should be purchased only in specialized nurseries or with their assistance, have a variety and quarantine certificate and be labeled.
The purchase of planting material in other places is not allowed.
Landscaping work should be carried out only after spreading the plant soil, arranging driveways, sidewalks, paths, platforms and fences, and cleaning up the remains of construction debris after their construction.
6.2. Works on the spreading of vegetable soil should be carried out, if possible, on large areas, allocating for backfilling with vegetable soil only areas limited by driveways and sites with a solid improved surface. Troughs for openings, platforms, sidewalks and paths with other types of coatings should be cut out in a layer of filled and compacted plant soil. For this purpose, the plant soil in a strip of no more than 6 m, adjacent to these structures, should be poured with minus tolerances in height (no more than -5 cm from the design marks).
6.3. The plant soil should be spread over a leveled base, plowed to a depth of at least 10 cm. The surface of the settled plant layer should be no more than 2 cm below the bordering board.
6.4. Vegetative soil, preserved for the improvement of the territory in its natural state, must be poured in for half a year to carry out work on landscaping the territory in accordance with the agrotechnical requirements that are most appropriate for the climatic conditions of the sub-area in which the facility under construction or reconstruction is located.
6.5. Preparation of sites for planting trees and shrubs should be carried out in advance so that the sites can be exposed to the weather and solar radiation for as long as possible. It is allowed to prepare seats immediately before landing.
6.6. Pits for planting standard seedlings and seedlings with a lump should have a depth of 75-90 cm, for seedlings with a tap root system - 80-100 cm. Standard seedlings should be planted in holes with a diameter of 60-80 cm. 0.5 m more than the largest clod size.
6.7. Shrubs and vines should be planted in pits and trenches 50 cm deep. For single bushes and vines, pits should be 50 cm in diameter. Shrub trenches should be 50 cm wide for single-row planting, with an addition of 20 cm for each next planting row.
Pits for perennial flower plants should be 40 cm deep and 40 cm in diameter.
6.8. Planting material in nurseries should be accepted only from special gags. Planting material for trees of coniferous, evergreen and deciduous (over 10 years old) species, as well as trees that are difficult to transplant (walnut, oak, Pissardi plum, sycamore, thuja, birch) should be taken only with a lump immediately after digging them from their growing sites.
6.9. Trees and seedlings with a trunk diameter of up to 5 cm at a height of 1.3 m from the root collar should have a lump with a diameter or side size of at least 70 cm. With an increase in trunk diameter for every 1 cm, the size of the diameter or side of the lump should be increased by 10 cm The height of the coma should be 50-60 cm and for seedlings with a tap root system - 70-90 cm.
6.10. The lump must be packed in nurseries in tight-fitting packaging. The voids in the coma itself, as well as between the clod and the packaging, must be filled with vegetable soil.
6.11. Plants with an exposed root system can be transported on flatbed vehicles tightly packed in a body, covered with wet straw or moss, and also with a tarpaulin. Transportation of people, as well as cargo in the bodies of on-board vehicles simultaneously with the transported planting material is not allowed. Plants with exposed root systems intended for transportation by rail, water and air must be packed in bales weighing no more than 50 kg.
6.12. Landscaping works should be carried out depending on the climatic conditions of the subdistricts within the time frame specified in Appendix 1.
6.13. Unpackaged plants delivered to the landscaped object, if they cannot be planted immediately, must be unloaded directly into the pit, and plants packed in bales must be unpacked and dug. The site for the dig should be set aside on an elevated place, protected from the prevailing winds. Plants in pits should be rooted to the north. The soil in the pit should be kept moderately moist.
6.14. Damaged roots and branches of plants should be cut before planting. Sections of branches and damage should be cleaned and covered with garden putty or painted over. When planting seedlings with an exposed root system, stakes protruding 1.3 m above the ground should be hammered into the planting pits. When planting seedlings, vegetable soil should be filled in the lower part of the planting pits and trenches. The roots of seedlings should be dipped in earthen slurry. When planting, it is necessary to monitor the filling of voids between the roots of planted plants with soil. As the pits and trenches are filled, the soil in them should be compacted from the walls to the center. The installation height of plants in a pit or trench should ensure the position of the root collar at the level of the ground surface after the soil has settled. Seedlings after planting should be tied to stakes installed in the pits. Planted plants should be watered abundantly. The land that has settled after the first watering should be poured the next day and the plants should be watered again.
6.15. Pits and trenches in which plants with a lump will be planted should be covered with vegetable soil to the bottom of the lump. When planting plants with a packed clod, the packaging should be removed only after the final installation of the plant in place. If the soil of the earthen clod is poorly cohesive, the wooden packaging may not be removed.
6.16. When planting trees and shrubs in filter soils, a layer of loam no less than 15 cm thick should be laid on the bottom of the seats. On saline soils at the bottom of the seats, drainage should be arranged from crushed stone, gravel or fascines with a thickness of at least 10 cm.
6.17. When planting plants during the growing season, the following requirements must be met: seedlings must be only with a lump packed in a rigid container (packing a lump in a soft container is only allowed for planting material dug out of dense clay soils), a gap in time between digging up the planting material and its landing should be minimal; crowns of plants during transportation must be tied and covered from drying; after planting, the crowns of seedlings and bushes should be thinned out by removing up to 30% of the leaf apparatus, shaded and regularly (at least twice a week) washed with water for a month.
6.18. In order to maximize the use of the autumn period for landscaping, it is allowed to dig out seats, plant and transplant seedlings with a clod of earth at temperatures outside air not lower than -15 ° C. In this case, the following additional requirements must be met: the land around the plants scheduled for transplantation, as well as in the places of their planting, must be protected from freezing by loosening and backfilling with dry leaves, loose soil, dry loose snow or covered with warming mats made from improvised materials (brushwood, straw, shields, etc.); planting sites should be prepared immediately before planting; the plant should be installed at the landing site on a pillow of thawed soil; backfilling of trenches around a clod and a bare root system should be carried out with thawed plant soil; when planting with a clod, an admixture of frozen clods no larger than 15 cm in size and in an amount of no more than 10% of the total amount of backfilled soil is allowed; clods of frozen soil should not be concentrated in one place; when planting seedlings with a bare root system, the use of frozen soil is not allowed; after planting, the plants should be watered and the hole should be covered from freezing; garter of planted plants should be done in the spring.
6.19. Coniferous seedlings should be planted only in winter at temperatures not lower than -25 ° C and wind no more than 10 m / s. In permafrost conditions, planting of trees and seedlings of conifers should be done in the spring. At the same time, a gap in time between digging, transporting and planting plants is not allowed.
6.20. Seedlings planted in winter, after thawing the soil, should be strengthened on stretch marks, which should be fastened to the trunk with clamps with soft pads and tightened as they loosen.
6.21. Creepers with suction cups should be planted in seats with a diameter and depth of at least 50 cm. As supports for fixing vines, elements of auxiliary equipment for vertical gardening should be used.
6.22. Landing in populated areas female specimens of poplars and mulberries that litter the territory and air during fruiting are not allowed.
6.23. Lawns should be arranged on fully prepared and leveled plant soil, the top layer of which should be harrowed to a depth of 8-10 cm before sowing lawn mixtures. Lawns should be seeded with seeders for sowing lawn grasses. Seeds smaller than 1 mm should be sown in a mixture with dry sand, in a ratio of 1:1 by volume. Seeds larger than 1 mm should be sown in pure form. When sowing the lawn, the seeds should be planted to a depth of 1 cm. Light harrows or rollers with spikes and brushes should be used to plant the seeds. After planting the seeds, the lawn must be rolled with a roller weighing up to 100 kg. On soils that form a crust, rolling is not performed.
6.24. The seeding rate per 1 m2 of the sown area should be at least: meadow bluegrass - 5 g, red fescue - 15 g, pasture ragweed and meadow fescue - 10 g, awnless bonfire - 10 g, white bent grass -1.5 g, meadow timothy - 3 g, white clover - 3 g (red - 5 g).
6.25. Flower seedlings should be well rooted and symmetrically developed, should not be elongated and intertwined. Perennials must have at least three leaf buds or stems. tubers flowering plants must be full and have at least two healthy eyes. Bulbs should be full and dense.
6.26. Seedlings of flowers should be kept until planting in shady places and in a moist state. Planting flowers should be done in the morning or towards the end of the day. In cloudy weather, flowers can be planted throughout the day. Flowers should be planted in moist soil. Compression and inversion of the roots of flowers during planting is not allowed. After the first three waterings, the soil of the flower garden should be sprinkled with sifted humus or peat (mulching). In the absence of mulching, loosening the soil of flower beds and their weeding should be done once a week and performed within a month.
6.27. Green plantations during planting and during the period of their care should be watered at the rate of 20 liters per one standard seedling; 50 liters per tree with a clod up to 1x1 m in size; 100 liters per tree with a clod measuring 1x1 m or more; 10 liters per bush or liana; 5 liters per plant in flower beds with perennial flowers; 10 l/m2 planted flower seedlings or lawn. When caring for coniferous trees, loosening and digging of tree trunks are not allowed.
6.28. Landscaping must be accepted subject to the following requirements:
the thickness of the vegetative soil layer in the places of its spreading should be at least 10 cm. The check is carried out by extracting a pit 30X30 cm for each 1000 m2 of green areas, but not less than one for a closed contour of any area;
the suitability of the plant soil must be confirmed by laboratory analyses. If any additives were made to the soil, then this must be confirmed by entries in the work log;
the planted planting material must comply with the project or groups of interchangeability of tree species (Appendix 2);
availability of passports and quarantine certificates for planting material, seeds and flower seedlings;
the number of non-rooted trees, seedlings, bushes and perennial flowers should not exceed 20%. With a higher percentage of non-established plants, the latter must be replaced and examined again. By decisions of the local Soviets of Working People's Deputies, the percentage of plant mortality may be specified taking into account local conditions.
6.29. Contracting organizations are responsible for the quality of work performed on the landscaping of territories in accordance with the procedure established for general construction works.
Planting flowers should be carried out within the following periods: flowering and carpeted flyers that do not winter in the ground - after the end of spring frosts; biennials and perennials wintering in the ground - in autumn and spring; bulbous, wintering in the ground - in the fall.
GROUPS OF PERMISSIBLE INTERCHANGEABILITY OF PLANTS OF TREE SPECIES
1. Elm (smooth, rough), oak (pedunculate, red), ash (ordinary, fluffy, Pennsylvania, green), linden (small-leaved, large-leaved, Caucasian), horse chestnut, ailanthus, walnut (walnut, gray, black), plane tree (eastern, western), hornbeam, beech, liquidambr, ginkgo.
2. White poplar, trembling poplar (aspen).
3. Canadian poplar, fragrant, balsamic, laurel, Maksimovich, Berlin, Moscow, Simoni.
4. Birch (warty, fluffy, stone), Simony poplar, bird cherry, silver maple, catalpa.
5. White willow, Babylon willow.
6. Pissardi plum, Schwedler maple.
7. Maple (sharp, field, Sycamore), elm (smooth, rough), small-leaved linden.
8. Spruce (ordinary, prickly), larch (Siberian, European), Douglas, hemlock, pseudosuga.
9. Pine (ordinary, black, Crimean, Weymouth), Siberian cedar pine (cedar).
10. Poplar (pyramidal, Turkestan or Bolle), white pyramidal acacia, pyramidal oak, cypress.
11. White acacia, three-thorn glecia, Japanese sphora.
12. Pinnate elm, birch bark, elm.
13. Norway maple, spherical shape; pinnate elm, spherical shape.
14. Mountain ash (ordinary, Swedish, powdery, oak-leaved, oak-leaved), bird cherry, Tatar maple, cork tree, nudino tree, soap tree, vinegar tree, tulip tree.
15. Thuja (western, eastern), juniper (common, Cossack), cypress, cypress.
16. Cherry, apple, pear, cherry, apricot, mulberry.
